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In this chapter, we describe some of the main concerns when it comes to formulating emulsions. This includes the choice of ingredients, such as emulsifiers, oils, preservatives, and thickeners. This is done with a focus on how these ingredients can give the desired properties of the emulsions, such as texture, flavor, nutrition, and stability. Commonly encountered thickeners and emulsifiers are de
A flow cell was designed for continuous non-invasive measurements of macromolecular adsorption and removal under well-defined flow conditions. The adsorption of the protein β-lactoglobulin to stainless steel surfaces and its subsequent detergent-induced removal were followed in the flow cell using in situ ellipsometry under both laminar and turbulent conditions. Factors varied include the cleaning
The adsorption from pure protein solutions and binary mixtures of proteins with opposite net charges was studied at pH 7 by in situ ellipsometry. The investigated proteins were β-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin, and lysozyme. On hydrophilic silica surfaces, β-lactoglobulin (negatively net charged) adsorbed in small amounts while lactoferrin and lysozyme (both positively net charged) adsorbed in higher
Ocean temperatures are rising; species are shifting poleward, and pH is falling (ocean acidification, OA). We summarise current understanding of OA in the brackish Baltic-Skagerrak System, focussing on the direct, indirect and interactive effects of OA with other anthropogenic drivers on marine biogeochemistry, organisms and ecosystems. Substantial recent advances reveal a pattern of stronger resp
Target Temperature Management (TTM) is standard care following out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The aim of the study was to evaluate if treatment temperature (33°C or 36°C) or other predefined variables were associated with the occurrence of bleeding in the TTM study. This study is a predefined, post hoc analysis of the TTM trial, a multinational randomized controlled trial comparing treatme
Properties of the algebraic equation ATX+XA−XBQ2−1BTX+Q1=0 are studied for arbitrary nonnegative definite and positive definite matrices Q1 and Q2. The results are used to study the possible number of stationary solutions of the Riccati equation. The theory for linear systems with quadratic loss is then generalized, and numerical consequences are studied.
A new approach to the numerical solution of optimal control problems with state-variable inequality constraints is presented. It is shown that the concept of constraining hyperplanes may be used to approximate the original problem with a problem where the constraints are of a mixed state-control variable type. The efficiency and the accuracy of the combination of constraining hyperplanes and a sec
The maximum likelihood principle of estimation applied to the linear black-box identification problem gives models with theoretically attractive properties. Also, the method has been applied to industrial data (various processes in paper production) and proved able to work in practice.This paper presents further developments of the method in the case of a single output. The reliability and speed o
Stability of systems with hysteresis nonlinearities, parametric uncertainty and finite dimensional unmodelled dynamics is considered. Conditions for exponential decay of the signals in the system to an equilibrium position are given. The equilibrium is generally not unique. The stability condition is given in terms of a frequency domain inequality, which involves the transfer function of the nomin
It is shown that strict system equivalence in Rosenbrock's sense is equivalent to the existence of a certain bijective mapping between the sets of solutions to the differential equations describing the system. This leads to a simple proof of the fact that the equivalence classes under strict system equivalence are well defined, although the dimension of the system matrix is not uniquely defined. I
Two suboptimal dual controllers are applied to a first-order linear system. The first controller is developed by Sternby and the second by Tse. Bar-Shalom and Meier. The second controller is slightly modified to serve in a stationary situation. The only unknown parameter of the system is the gain, which varies sinusoidally. It is shown that the effect on the system of the two controllers is much t
In this two part paper a theory is presented in which several control problems can be solved. The theory is applicable to a general class of linear multivariable systems where the measured output does not have to be equal to the controlled output or the state. The system may be affected by nonmeasurable disturbances. Only controllers which stabilize the system and have proper transfer functions ar
The study of general linear multivariable systems, with possibly different controlled and measured outputs, is continued in this part of the paper. The structure matrices, defined in Part I, are used to solve the feedback realization problem. Feedback realizable transfer functions are then used to solve problems of "regulator type." It is shown that the solutions to problems like disturbance deeou
Least squares identification is considered from the Bayesian point of view. A necessary and sufficient condition for consistency almost everywhere is given under the assumption that the data are generated by a regression model with white and Ganssian noise.
Some possible regulators are considered for control of stochastic systems, described by a time-varying difference equation. A new suboptimal dual algorithm is proposed, and its relation to other regulators is examined. It is discussed for what kind of systems the new algorithm will be advantageous, and when simpler schemes will suffice. This discussion is illustrated by simulations, where differen
In this paper, we present new insights on classical spectral measures for heart rate variability (HRV), based on a novel method for HRV acquisition. A dynamic breathing task, where the test participants are asked to breathe following a metronome with slowly increasing frequency, allows for the acquisition of respiratory-related HRV-data covering the frequency range in which adults breathe in diffe
Minimum variance control of difference equation systems with time-varying stochastic parameters are studied. The optimal control law is derived under the assumption that all previous but not the current parameter values are known. This is used to give performance limits for dual control. In particular, it is shown that too much parameter uncertainty may cause the system to be unstable in the mean-
A counter-example is given which shows that the proof used by Fogel and Graupe (1977) to show weak consistency for the least squares method is incorrect.
This paper considers the moving of the implementation of Concurrent Pascal for the PDP‐11/45 computer to the LSI‐11 computer. The resulting implementation for the LSI‐11 computer is also discussed and described
The gelation of cellulose in alkali solutions is quite relevant, but still a poorly understood process. Moreover, the role of certain additives, such as urea, is not consensual among the community. Therefore, in this work, an unusual set of characterization methods for cellulose solutions, such as cryo-transmission electronic microscopy (cryo-TEM), polarization transfer solid-state nuclear magneti
