The paper analyzes the national judgment in the Laval case and argues that horizontal liability for damages is possible. Additionally, the paper shows that state liability is usually possible in the case of horizontal liability. It also touches upon the question of whether there are community rights to damages arising from the ECJ case law. At the same time, it argues that the state liability requ

Copyright has traditionally been considered as a right that has a social function. Thus, among the various justifications for its existence, it is the utilitarian or instrumentalist justification that has often been hoisted in order to assess how well it serves the needs of society. From its inception as a concept, copyright has been justified as a necessary evil that, to quote Macaulay, “ought no

Growing Russian oil export and an overall growing trade made the Baltic Sea one of the busiest shipping areas in the world, but the marine environment has suffered greatly from this development. Although not solely responsible for this unfortunate development, the International Maritime Organization has addressed this issue by designating the Baltic as a particularly sensitive sea area (PSSA) and

The “pay to be paid” Rule is a fundamental component of Protection & Indemnity (hereinafter referred to as “P&I”) insurance policies, which requires a Club Member to discharge his liabilities to the injured third party before he can be indemnified by the P&I Club. If the Club Member cannot compensate the third party as a result of insolvency, the third party is denied full satisfaction

Article 4 of the Community Trade Mark Regulation (CTMR) defines signs of which a Community trade mark may consist in a very wide manner, expressly including the shape of goods or of their packaging. However, with regard to such shapes, the Regulation in its Article 7(1)(e) introduces a, in comparison with other signs, additional ground for refusal that has to be overcome when seeking registration.

This report describes two models for calculations and simulations of spread of fire gases via ventilation systems. The models are applied on the electrical building of reactor 3 at the nuclear power plant of Ringhals, Sweden. A summary of the present Swedish regulations regarding fire dampers and duct insulation is presented. Suggestions to reduce smoke spread via ventilation systems are given. (S

The new building code was implemented in Sweden in 1994. This building code made it more possible to use solutions, not only standard but also alternative solutions, based upon analytical calculations to show whether the fire safety level in a building is enough or not. With computer programs and equations it is possible to dimension the type and proportions of the selected fire safety equipment.

Fundamental laws of nature used in field modelling using Computational Fluid Dynamics are discussed and explained. Extensions and models used to complement these basic laws of physics in fire specific scenarios are also discussed. The field model SOFIE, Simulation Of Fires In Enclosures, has been used and predictions of gas-temperature, gas-velocity and presence of combustion gases are compared to

This report investigate evacuation safety in business premises. A number of rooms have been designed by old Swedish building regulations, Nybyggnadsreglerna, NR, 1988 as handbook. When NR doesn’t corresponds with the building regulations of today, Boverkets byggregler, BBR 94, the rules in BBR will be followed. The rooms have been chosen in a way so it will be possible to study the effects on the

A flame-spread model is incorporated into a zone model, the WPI/Fire Code. The external heat flux’s influence on the model is discussed and a tolerable value is calculated. The input parameters to the flame-spread algorithm are exposed to a simple sensitivity analysis. The algorithm is compared with two scenarios, Model A and Model B. Model A compares experimental data from a free burning test whi

A risk analysis of the coatings manufacturer Akzo Nobel in Sege, Malmö, was carried out in 1996. This consequence analysis has been made from the resulting seven worst case scenarios in the risk analysis. The scenarios have been analyzed regarding temperature, smoke layer height, RHR, and oxygen concentration. Comparison has been made with the industrial fire department’s and Malmö fire department

The aim of this report has been to perform a risk analysis of Iggesund Paperboards paperboard factory in Iggesund and from the result draw conclusions on how to develop the methodology of economical risk analysis. The risk analysis consequences are expressed in economical terms and the measurement of the risk is presented as the expected annual cost due to fire. The model which is used is based on

The concept of weapon-induced fires on board ships (mainly warships) is introduced in a comprehensive manner. The analysis is based on experiences from military and civilian shipping, statistics, experimental work and literature on the subject. Events following a weapon-induced fire are outlined in a qualitative manner and key hazards and measures of protection and their effects are recognised and

This report describes window glass breakage due to heating. Mathematical models are explained. The computer program BREAK1 is described and evaluated by comparing it to experimental results. The history and production of window glass are presented. A litterature survey is also presented.

The report brings up the matter of risk analysis in urban planning. A risk analysis of the harbour area in Malmö has been carried out. The purpose is to provide basic data for decision-making concerning construction of residential areas in the harbour area.

By using qualitative risk analysis in order to identify large accidents a probabilistic quantitative risk analysis regarding the handling of sulphur dioxide and chlorodioxide have been carried out at Stora Gruvön pulp and paper plant, Grums. The results, individual risk and societal risk, have been compared to risk criterias.

This report is about how to predict the none-thermal damages from soot and hydrogen chloride on metallic surfaces and electronics. The models described are C-Fast and ’A Probabilistic Methodology For The Fire Smoke Hazard Analysis Of Electronic Equipment’. The models can only be used for special conditions and they demand some knowledge from the user.

This report deals with an evaluation study carried out on the community based accident prevention program being run by the municipal fire and rescue brigades in Landskrona and Svalöv. A major survey shows only a few results that could determine differences as statistically significant in fire safety behavior between the study group (inhabitants in Landskrona and Svalöv) and controll groups, but th

Smoke spread via ventilation systems relying on running fans or bypasses can be calculated with performance based fire safety analyses tools. The focus of this thesis work was to review existing methods for treating this problem and to further develop current analysis methods. Suggestions are also made for setting up guidelines as to what are tolerable amounts of smoke spread depending on building

The aim of this study was to create a scenario for a simulation model where the Swedish fire commanders could practice tactics, techniques and giving orders in a rescue operation. The object on which the fire scenario is created is an athletic centre in Lund called Gerdahallen. Both the computer model HAZARD and hand calculations have been used to construct a model of the fire in this building. Th