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Importance of vertex corrections for obtaining correct selection rules in the theory of photoemission

It is shown that the commonly used approximation for the no-loss angle-resolved photocurrent from solids in general violates the optical selection rules if the final-state inverse low-energy electron diffraction orbital is taken to be damped. The violations occur in the velocity formula, which is inconsistent with the corresponding and commonly used acceleration formula in which the matrix element

Coupled simulation approaches for PEM fuel cells by OpenFOAM

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are known as environmental friendly energy conservation devices, and have the potential to be suitable alternative power sources. The cost and durability of a PEM fuel cell are strongly affected by the involved transport phenomena and reactions, which are two major challenges to be overcome before commercialization. Modeling and simulation are crucial for

Analysing atmospheric trace gases and aerosols using passenger aircraft

CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container) resumed regular measurement flights with an extended scientific payload in December 2004. After an automated measurement container was successfully deployed on intercontinental flights using a Boeing 767 from 1997 to 2002, a far more powerful package is deployed using a new Airbus A340-600 mad

Supervisory Control of Wastewater Treatment Plants by Combining Principal Component Anlaysis and Fuzzy C-Means Clustering

In this paper a methodology for integrated multivariate monitoring and control of biological wastewater treatment plants during extreme events is presented. To monitor the process, on-line dynamic principal component analysis (PCA) is performed on the process data to extract the principal components that represent the underlying mechanisms of the process. Fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering is used to

The effect of country level factors on the trade-off between cost and flexibility in mass customization

Insufficient attention has been paid to both the relationship between mass customization capability and operational performance and the contingency factors affecting this relationship. We propose a model that conceptualizes the relationship between mass customization capability, flexibility performance, and cost performance. The hypotheses are empirically tested using data collected from 5th round