The Relationship Between Intellectual Capital, Financial Stability, Firm Performance, Market Value, and Bankruptcy Risk: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan
Intellectual capital (IC) plays a critical role in determining firm performance (FP), market value (MV), financial stability, and sustainable competitive advantage. The strategic investment in both IC and physical capital allows firms to enhance FP by optimizing resource utilization. However, non-financial firms in Pakistan often encounter a deficiency in tangible and intangible resources, skills,