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This paper examines the development of the role of a certain group of semi-officials, known as tongshi in Chinese, in Sino-Tibetan relations from the late-fourteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century, i.e. during the Ming and Qing dynasties, with particular reference to the part played by tongshi in events along the pre-modern Sino-Tibetan border. Tongshi were often Tibetans in Chinese
Rhetoric is a teaching tradition. The rhetorical exercises in the progymnasmata are the foundation for the teaching culture of rhetoric. The exercises combine theory and practice, but the surviving texts by Hermogenes, Aphthonius and Nicolaus do not tell us how the exercises were used in teaching. In the preface to Theon’s progymnasmata 1.61-64 he gives a short description of his pedagogical meth
All member countries in the EU must follow the given directive for public procurement that has been decided upon. The purpose of the directive is to ensure a sufficient public procurement and a sound use of public resources. However, knowledge about the implementation and effects of the directive is limited. One clear indication is that the effects vary between different countries in the EU. A pre
Report on the medieval parish church of Öja in Scania, Sweden. The report is part of a never fullfiled plan of publishing short building archaeological reports on all the medieval churches of the two counties Ljunits and Herrestad at Ystad in Scania as part. The investigation was conducted as a part of the research project "The Cultural Landscape during 6000 years in Southern Sweden", also called
In the Internet’s autonomous systems packets are routed on shortest paths to their destinations. A related problem is how to find an admissible traffic routing configuration using paths that can be generated by a system of weights assigned to IP links. This problem is NP-hard. It can be formulated as a mixed-integer program and attempted with a branch-and-cut algorithm if effective cuts (valid ine
This is a study of social mobility over 25 years in six villages in the former Tiruchy District in Tamil Nadu. The two most important external drivers are local industrialization and social policy in a broad sense. In a mainly descriptive analysis, it is shown that the overall effect seems to be a centripetal tendency in agrarian structure, with tendencies towards a strengthened position for famil
