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The primary focus of this review is a discussion regarding in vitro media for colon release, but we also give a brief overview of colon delivery and the colon microbiota as a baseline for this discussion. The large intestine is colonized by a vast number of bacteria, approximately 10 12 per gram of intestinal content. The microbial community in the colon is complex and there is still much that i

Purpose: To provide a focused review of sickle cell retinopathy in the light of recent advances in the pathogenesis, multimodal retinal imaging, management of the condition, and migration trends, which may lead to increased prevalence of the condition in the Western world. Methods: Non-systematic focused literature review. Results: Sickle retinopathy results from aggregation of abnormal hemoglobin

In reply to Marquette and Peiffer's article “Grappling With the ‘Real Politics’ of Systemic Corruption: Theoretical Debates Versus ‘Real-World’ Functions,” this article employs three criticisms: Marquette and Peiffer's call to grapple with the “real politics of corruption” does not bring much new to the table, is conceptually flawed, and risks serving as an excuse for corrupt elites to pursue “bus

The metastable binary intermetallic compound Cd4Sb3 was obtained as polycrystalline ingot by quenching stoichiometric Cd-Sb melts and as mm-sized crystals by employing Bi or Sn fluxes. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Pn with a = 11.4975(5) Å, b = 26.126(1) Å, c = 26.122(1) Å, β = 100.77(1)°, and V = 7708.2(5) A,̊3. The actual formula unit of Cd4Sb3 is Cd13Sb10 and the unit

The incommensurately modulated structure of the fresnoite framework-structure type compound Ba2TiGe2O8 has been solved using a (3 + 1)-dimensional superspace approach. The structure is orthorhombic and adopts the superspace group Cmm2(0,β,1/2)s00 with β ≃ 0.635 at room temperature. The refinement was based on neutron powder diffraction data obtained from a powdered single crystal grown by Czochral

The compounds (a) (H3O)2[Mo6Cl8 Cl6]·7H2O, (b) (H3O)2[Mo6 Cl8Br6]·6H2O and (c) (H3O)2[Mo6 Cl8I6].6H2O were synthesized from MoCl2 and the corresponding halide acid. The structures were determined by X-ray diffraction and refined in the monoclinic space groups, (a) C2/c and for (b) and (c) P21/a. The cell parameters were for (a), a = 17.3607(2), b = 9.1351(7), c = 18.6300(2) Å and β = 98.13(1)°, (b

Purpose – Adaptation appears to be regarded as a panacea in policy circles to reduce the risk of impending crises resulting from contemporary changes, including but not restricted to climate change. Such conceptions can be problematic, generally assuming adaptation as an entirely positive and non-conflictual process. The purpose of this paper is to challenge such uncritical views, drawing attentio

Summary: Laboratory microcosm experiments using protists as model organisms have a long tradition and are widely used to investigate general concepts in population biology, community ecology and evolutionary biology. Many variables of interest are measured in order to study processes and patterns at different spatiotemporal scales and across all levels of biological organization. This includes mea

Much of life’s diversity has arisen through ecological opportunity and adaptive radiations, but the mechanistic underpinning of such diversification is not fully understood. Competition and predation can affect adaptive radiations, but contrasting theoretical and empirical results show that they can both promote and interrupt diversification. A mechanistic understanding of the link between microev

The realizable k - ε turbulence model was used to calculate flow and heat transfer characteristics in a rotating rectangular duct with detached pin fins in staggered arrangement. Transverse and longitudinal spacings of the pin fins were S 1 = 2.5 D and S 2 = 2.5 D, respectively. Reynolds number was 7,000 and Rotation number (Ro) varied from 0 to 1 while the clearance ranged from 0 to 0.5. Strea

Paired centers in the forebrain of insects, called the mushroom bodies, have become the most investigated brain region of any invertebrate due to novel genetic strategies that relate unique morphological attributes of these centers to their functional roles in learning and memory. Mushroom bodies possessing all the morphological attributes of those in dicondylic insects have been identified in man

Drinking stories feature widely in Western societies. Many people eagerly share their stories in the aftermath of drinking events. These stories are also common in books, movies, music and the media. Based on qualitative interviews with 104 young Norwegian heavy episodic drinkers, the article seeks to establish drinking stories as a distinct narrative genre. We argue that this narrative genre of d

Violence features in human life, not only as actual physical confrontation but also as stories. Stories of violence are particularly important in violence-prone subcultures and among those partaking in the illegal drug economy. Drawing on narrative analysis, this study examines stories of violence among a population of incarcerated Norwegian drug dealers. Four widespread story types are identified

Aims: The use of illegal drugs is well documented in some alternative, underground music scenes, like the Goa trance scene. The aim of this article is to explore harm reduction practices employed by attendees of the Goa trance scene in order to identify potential pathways for targeted interventions in (underground) music scenes, such as Goa trance.Methods: Following pilot observations at Goa parti

Aims: To study the characteristics, contexts and implications of drinking stories among young drinkers. Methods: Ethnographic fieldwork was conducted among Danish youth at a beach resort in Bulgaria. The fieldwork included three months of participant observation and 45 semi-structured interviews with a total of 104 tourists and 11 guides. The participants in the study were aged between 16 and 26 y

Humor is essential to social life, but it is often overlooked in the study of crime and other social problems. We introduce and make use of humor theory, emphasizing the theories of superiority and relief. Based on interviews with incarcerated men, we demonstrate how humor is used to criticize authorities, for self-aggrandizement, and to alleviate the pain of tragic experiences. Funny remarks and

A passive approximation problem is formulated where the target function is an arbitrary complex-valued continuous function defined on an approximation domain consisting of a finite union of closed and bounded intervals on the real axis. The norm used is a weighted L p -norm where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. The approximating functions are Herglotz functions generated by a measure with Holder continuous density i

This chapter sets out to give an exposé of how sustainability reporting has developed into a global reporting practice. It gives a theoretical background to why companies (should) engage in sustainability reporting. Three arguments for providing sustainability reporting are at focus i) gaining, maintaining and/or repairing legitimacy, ii) improving stakeholder relations and iii) decreasing informa