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The αβ T-cell coreceptor CD4 enhances immune responses more than 1 million-fold in some assays, and yet the affinity of CD4 for its ligand, peptide-major histocompatibility class II (pMHC II) on antigen-presenting cells, is so weak that it was previously unquantifiable. Here, we report that a soluble form of CD4 failed to bind detectably to pMHC II in surface plasmon resonance-based assays, establ

This book is the first to explore the history of the Swedish electronic music studio EMS. EMS was established in 1964 with the intent to create an international center for research in sound and sound perception, and to build one of the world’s most advanced hybrid studios. The principal creators of the studio were rooted in Swedish modernism, and had the EMS-project shaped in accordance to the soc

Superantigens are toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, called staphylococcal enterotoxins (abbreviated SEA to SEU). They can cross-link the T cell receptor (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex class II, triggering a massive T cell activation and hence disease. Due to high stability and toxicity, superantigens are potential agents of bioterrorism. Hence, antagonists may not only be usefu

The article is a discussion of works by two Danish composers who both, with self-constructed instruments challenge computer music both as genre, the understanding and use of conventional technology and the relation to history. At first glance, the use of the homemade instruments appears as a common characteristic. But, when one takes a closer look, different discourses and various discussions of m

Under årets kallaste tid värmdes Berlin av två särpräglade festivaler: Transmediale och CTM (tidigare Club Transmediale). Elektroniska events, mystiska maskiner och forna framtidsdrömmar var centrala utgångspunkter i det täta programmet. En del magplask till trots, bjöd festivalen också i år på enastående upplevelser och intressanta reflektioner. Sanne Krogh Groth rapporterar från några intensiva Under årets kallaste tid värmdes Berlin av två särpräglade festivaler: Transmediale och CTM (tidigare Club Transmediale). Elektroniska events, mystiska maskiner och forna framtidsdrömmar var centrala utgångspunkter i det täta programmet. En del magplask till trots, bjöd festivalen också i år på enastående upplevelser och intressanta reflektioner. Sanne Krogh Groth rapporterar från några intensiva

The activation of the complement system is a key initiating step in the protective innate immune-inflammatory response against injury, although it may also cause harm if left unchecked. The structurally related soluble complement inhibitors C4b-binding protein (C4BP) and factor H (FH) exert a tight regulation of the classical/lectin and alternative pathways of complement activation, respectively,

In small scale societies, lethal attacks on another individual usually invite revenge by the victim's family. We might expect those who perpetrate such attacks to do so only when their own support network (mainly family) is larger than that of the potential victim so as to minimise the risk of retaliation. Using data from Icelandic family sagas, we show that this prediction holds whether we consid

This report outlines the potential for a more structured and strategic relationship between the European Union and the Islamic Republic of Iran following the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). To both address areas of disagreement and complaints, as well as pursue common interests and matters of mutual benefit, the EU needs to put in place an institutional framework that can withstand the