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Kan spridning av bröstcancerceller förutspås? Bröstcancer är i dag världens vanligaste cancerform bland kvinnor. För att kunna fastställa en prognos som ger en bild över överlevnadsmöjligheten utförs flertalet undersökningar. Dels undersöks armhålan genom en ifrågasatt operation för att se om cancern spridits till armhålans lymfkörtlar. Frågan som ställs här är om det finns egenskaper hos bröstcaToday, breast cancer is the most common malignant disease among females worldwide. To predict the prognosis for outcome of the breast cancer, a number of prognostic factors are used such as the axillary lymph node status which is one of several factors to be evaluated when staging the disease. The axilla is routinely staged during sentinel lymph node biopsy excising a couple of lymph nodes to eval

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a versatile and biocompatible polysaccharide produced by bacteria, with Komagataeibacter xylinus being the model species for its production. This polymer has unique properties that make it valuable in several applications, including as a rheology modifier in cosmetics. Cellugy, a Danish start-up, produces EcoFLEXY, a BC-based rheology modifier that enhances the viscosit

Neurodegenerative diseases are becoming an increasing social and economic burden worldwide. A subset of neurodegenerative diseases, called tauopathies, accumulate abnormally aggregated tau (a microtubule-binding protein) as one of their main pathological hallmarks. The role of microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, in tau pathology, has been increasingly discussed in the past y

LINE1s are a subfamily of retrotransposons occupying around 17-21% of our genome. Most of these have lost their ability to transpose on their own, due to truncation of 5’UTR or the accumulation of mutations. Despite this, they can act as cis-regulatory elements and affect gene expression. One RNA modification has been proposed to regulate their expression is called N6-methyladenosine (m6A). It is

Can we fool the molecular time? Cells in our body contain all the information needed for their structure and function, stored in the genetic material, the DNA. Like volumes of an encyclopedia, DNA is organized into chromosomes. Every time the cells divide, all chromosomes are copied, and each new cell gets one copy. But the copying mechanism is not perfect; the end parts of each chromosome -calle

Den förrädiska antikroppen Streptokocker är en lömsk bakterie som har många olika sätt att ta sig runt vårt immunförsvar. Den kan låtsas vara en del av vår kropp genom att klä sig själv i en proteinkapsel som är väldigt likt ett mänskligt protein, bryta ned våra celler med hjälp av utsöndrade gifter och använda vårt immunförsvar mot oss genom att binda antikroppar till sig själv. En virulensfaktoThe Group A streptococcus (GAS) (Streptococcus pyogenes) is a significant human pathogen known for causing a diverse range of diseases, spanning from mild diseases such as pharyngitis to life-threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis. Its virulence comes from a plethora of immune evasion mechanisms, but the M protein with its hypervariable region and ability to bind human proteins, stands

Stroke is a highly debilitating disease of the central nervous system occurring as a result of cerebral ischemia – deprivation of a cerebral tissue from blood that supplies it with oxygen and glucose, causing the cells in affected tissue to die, bringing about a large number of downstream effects and responses. Localized infarction in the brain also triggers tissue death and related responses in r

Asymmetric catalysis plays a crucial role in chemistry. It enables the efficient and selective production of chiral molecules, essential in e.g. the pharmaceutical industry. This research explores the development of a dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene ligand. This ligand has previously shown great potential in asymmetric synthesis where the corresponding rhodium(I)-complex gives excellent enantiosele

Urbanization has led to significant infrastructural challenges, particularly in the slum areas of the Global South. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are emerging as innovative approaches to enhance urban sustainability and resilience. This study investigates the enabling environment for decentralized governance in implementing NbS within urban slums, focusing on case studies in Indonesia and the Phili

Desertification has become an increasing concern in the Sahelian landscape. Initiatives, such as the Great Green Wall (GGW) and Action Against Desertification (AAD) are aimed at reversing the effects of desertification. Using the AAD geographical regions as a reference, the rate of greening was analysed using high resolution Sentinel-2 satellite image data (10m) and compared to Moderate Resolution

En grundvattenundersökning i ett område präglat av vattenrelaterade problem. Staden Cochabamba i Bolivia står inför flera vattenrelaterade utmaningar såsom brist på ytvatten, en ökande vattenanvändning, urbanisering och en sjunkande grundvattennivå. Samtidigt råder det en brist på kunskap angående de processer som påverkar grundvattnet i området. Något som detta examensarbete ämnar att förändra. The Central Valley of Cochabamba is located in the Andes mountain range, Bolivia. This region experiences several water related challenges such as a scarcity of surface water, an increasing water demand, a growing urbanization in groundwater recharge areas, and a declining water table due to intensive groundwater extraction. The valley has been influenced by both alluvial and fluvial depositions t

Denna uppsats undersöker diskursen kring terrorism i USA före och efter händelserna den 11 september 2001 genom en detaljerad analys av årsrapporter till presidenten och kongressen från försvarsministern under perioden 2000-2002. Med hjälp av en teoretisk ram baserad på Piet Hein van Kempens Four Concepts of Security - A Human Rights Perspective, som består utav 4 begrepp: internationell säkerhet,

Byggsektorn står för en stor del av Sveriges klimatutsläpp och har som mål att till 2045 bli klimatneutral. För att klara detta mål krävs bland annat förändringar i materialanvändning, till exempel kan materialet betong i flera fall bytas ut mot KL-trä. KL-trä används idag som stommaterial och monteras ofta utan väderskydd med resultatet att vatten i form av nederbörd hamnar i springor och spalterTo reach Sweden's climate goals changes in the use of materials are required. Concrete can in several cases be replaced with Cross-Laminated Timber, or CLT, as framework material. Today CLT is often installed without weather protection, with the result of water ending up in cracks and joints that are difficult to cover. Based on today’s knowledge there is great uncertainty about what condition

Many modern city centres are struggling with the aftermath of car-centric and consumption-driven urban planning from the last century. This approach has led to widespread vacancies, a lack of green spaces, and unattractive public areas, that fail to offer diverse functions. While many cities have pedestrian-friendly zones, these areas are often dominated by retail spaces that cater primarily to co

Hur kan det som anses värdelöst idag ses som något värdefullt imorgon? Projektet söker efter outnyttjad potential i bortkastade föremål och ifrågasätter rådande kulturella attityder gällande våra materiella resurser. Med en praktisk undersökning och konstnärliga arbetsmetoder kopplas det osammanhängande samman och nya alternativa scenarion framträder. Ett arkiv, en materialbank och en samling skis

Infection, Asthma and Serum Amyloid A Proteins The challenges posed in healthcare by inflammatory diseases like Asthma and Bacterial Infections are numerous due to complex defense mechanisms by the host immune system. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects millions of people globally causing wheezing, coughing and breathlessness. However, bacterial infections start as an acute infl

Vita albina-mutanter i korn kan inte skapa ordentliga kloroplaster Albinism i växter beror på att de är oförmögna att skapa någon typ av pigment. Det huvudsakliga pigmentet i växter är det gröna klorofyllet. Klorofyll möjliggör växter att ta upp energi från solen, och befinner sig i organellerna kloroplaster inuti växtens celler. Utan fungerande kloroplaster kan växterna inte skapa något klorofylIn barley (Hordeum vulgare), induced mutations can cause a white albina phenotype with a complete lack of pigmentation in the plant tissues. The chloroplasts are also undeveloped in albina mutants. By identifying the genes carrying the causal mutations, knowledge would be obtained about the genetic machinery involved in chloroplast development and pigment biosynthesis. In this work, I have identif

Intracellulära CD59 proteinerna IRIS-1 och IRIS-2 i hjärnan Tidigare har två nya varianter av CD59 proteinet vid namn ”Isoforms Rescuing Insulin Secretion 1/2” (IRIS-1/2) upptäckts i betaceller inuti bukspottskörteln som bland annat är kroppens insulinfabrik, där de visat sig reglera exporten av insulin ut i blodet. Detta sker via ett protein komplex som kallas SNARE komplexet. Dessa proteiner foRecently, two intracellular isoforms of CD59 were discovered in pancreatic beta cells. They proved crucial for insulin secretion and were named Isoforms Rescuing Insulin Secretion 1 and 2 (IRIS-1 and IRIS-2), whose expression decreased in type 2 diabetes (T2D). IRIS-1 and 2 were found across many different tissues on the mRNA level, including the brain. This Master's Thesis focuses on the role