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BACKGROUND: The expression of steroid receptors is a common feature of both male and female breast carcinomas and is also one of the most important prognostic factors for patients with this disease. Steroid receptor levels in BRCA1-related breast carcinoma have reportedly been low. Little data on steroid receptor levels have been reported with regard to BRCA2. METHODS: Steroid receptor levels were

The clonal sedge Carex humilis forms rings of densely aggregated ramets in a dry grassland community in Central Europe. We describe the small-scale spatial variation, both in abiotic factors and vegetation, in relation to these rings. Compared to the surrounding vegetation the cover of plants, other than C. humilis, was significantly lower both in the central area of rings and within the rings the

Objective: In Sweden, there has previously been no normalised test material for the evaluation of language development in individual hearing-impaired children, and for the assessment of various methods of auditory habilitation. The purpose of the present study was to compose, apply and evaluate a test for language development in hearing-impaired children, and to establish the first set of referenc

Patient-centred care is the current vogue in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but it is only recently that robust techniques have become available to determine patients' values and preferences. In this international cross-sectional study, patients' concerns and expectations regarding COPD exacerbations were explored using discrete choice modelling. A fractional factorial design was us

The relationship between the radiation absorbed dose and the NMR longitudinal and transversal relaxation rates, R-1 and R-2, respectively, of a ceric sulphate dosimeter was examined. By adding copper sulphate, the R-1 and R-2 dose-responses were found to be linear up to 60 kGy with dose sensitivities of 13 x 10(-6) and 15 x 10(-6) s(-1) Gy-1, respectively. There is thus the potential for a three-d

The strong systematic change in solar zenith angles (SZA) due to annual orbital drift of the NOAA satellites has raised the suspicion of the influence of residual illumination on the calibrated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from the Pathfinder AVHRR Land (PAL) database. The aim of this work is to analyse if trends in AVHRR NDVI from 1982 to 2000 over the Sahel region in Afr

We have previously found that fetal cortex taken from 16- to 18-day-old donors survives grafting to the infarcted cortex 5-7 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect on graft survival of varying the age of the fetal donor tissue and the time between vessel occlusion and graft implantation. First, a cell suspension of neocortical tissue was

A series of Ru-polypyridine dyes has been studied with electron spectroscopy using AlK and synchrotron radiation. Both pure complexes and complexes adsorbed on nanostructured TiO2 (anatase) surfaces have been examined and special emphasis was given to the dye complex cis-bis(4,4-dicarboxy-2,2-bipyridine)-bis-(isothiocyanato)-ruthenium(II) [Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2]. The measurements provide information co

PTEN and SHP1 are tumor suppressor genes involved in the regulation of cell cycle control and apoptosis. The authors investigated the protein expression of PTEN and SHP1, by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays from bone marrow samples in children, diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and nonmalignant controls. PTEN was overexpressed in diagnostic ALL samples, while SHP1 showed a low

The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops diabetes and sialadenitis. The sialadenitis is characterized by histopathological changes in salivary glands and functional deficit similar to Sjögren's syndrome. In humans, Sjögren's syndrome could be associated with other connective tissue disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study the genetic control of sialadenitis in

Four enrichment PCR protocols for detecting unlysed cells of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica were studied. First, the probability of detecting Y. enterocolitica cells of known concentrations by a multiplex PCR assay was determined, and it was found to follow a logistic regression model. From this model, the probability of detecting Y enterocolitica at a specific concentration could be estimated

BACKGROUND: Cancer of the pancreas is a common disease, but the large majority of patients have tumours that are irresectable at the time of diagnosis. Moreover, patients whose tumours are clearly beyond surgical cure are best treated non-operatively, if possible, by relief of biliary obstruction and percutaneous biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and then consideration of oncological treatment, nota

Objective: To develop an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify the levels of specific aggrecan fragments generated by aggrecanase-mediated cleavage at the (373)Glu-(374)Ala bond within the aggrecan interglobular domain. Methods: The ELISA employs a commercially available monoclonal antibody to capture aggrecan fragments containing keratan sulfate (KS). Aggrecan fragments generated

Background/Aims: Linomide is an immunomodulator that ameliorates several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We assessed the effect of Linomide on microvascular perfusion failure, leukocyte recruitment and hepatocellular injury induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and D-Galactosamine (Gal).Methods: After 3 days of Linomide pretreatment (1, 10 and 100mg/kg/day), rats were challenged

An adsorbent was developed from mature leaves and stem bark of the Neem (Azadirachta indica) tree for removing zinc from water. Adsorption was carried out in a batch process with several different concentrations of zinc by varying pH. The uptake of metal was very fast initially, but gradually slowed down indicating penetration into the interior of the adsorbent particles. The data showed that opti

Twenty-four individuals, who were 16 years of age or younger when they sustained a fracture of the radial head or neck, were examined at a mean of 19 years (range 14-25 years) after injury. The 12 girls and 12 boys were a mean age of 11 years (range 5-16 years) when the fracture was sustained. Two were excluded due to late resection of the radial head following persisting pain. The fractures, whic

In the existing literature on welfare state typologies, the concept of the universal welfare state is not defined precisely enough to allow for comparisons of universality over time and between countries. In this paper, I discuss some problems with the way the term 'the universal welfare state' has been used and I suggest possible solutions. Among other things, I propose that the term 'universalit

Let S be a set of n points in a metric space, and let k be a positive integer. Algorithms are given that construct k-fault-tolerant spanners for S. If in such a spanner at most k vertices and/or edges are removed, then each pair of points in the remaining graph is still connected by a "short" path. First, an algorithm is given that transforms an arbitrary spanner into a k-fault-tolerant spanner. F