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Accurate measurement of people’s movement patterns during evacuation requires appropriate data collection methods. This study examines three different methods, namely cameras placed above the crowd, triangulation using two cameras and distance measurements with laser scanners. Experiments were performed both in the laboratory and the field in order to evaluate the different methods. The results su
A strong low-energy shake-up satellite for CO adsorbed on Pd is observed. The occurrence of the satellite is established for the CO/1 ML Pd/Mo(110) system at a coverage where CO adsorbs exclusively on-top. Comparisons with CO adsorbed on Pd single-crystal surfaces and small supported Pd particles indicate that the strongly increased satellite intensity is due to the decreased CO-Pd interaction str
The C2H2(+H)/Pd(111) system has been studied using high resolution core level spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Two ordered phases were found when adsorbing C2H2 at 125 K, giving rise to a (2 × 2) and a (√3 × √3)R30° LEED pattern, respectively. When preadsorbing H at 110-150 K, the sticking probability of the C2H2 molecules is strongly reduced and only the (√3 × √3)R30° over
The coverage-dependent adsorption properties of a laterally heterogeneous bimetallic surface have been investigated by high resolution core level photoemission and low energy electron diffraction. The specific system under study was CO adsorbed on a Rh(111) surface onto which 2D Pd islands (coverage 0.5 ML) were formed by vapor deposition. The CO adsorption properties of the heterogeneous surface
Photoelectron spectroscopy results on single crystals of the superconductors Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8,Bi2Sr 2CuO6, Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 and the semiconductor Ba0.9K0.1BiO3 are reported for the photon energy region around the O K absorption threshold. The development of the O-KVV Auger structure has been carefully monitored as a function of photon energy. A non-monotonic behavior displaying a feature at a constant b
A scanning photoelectron microscope, utilizing a focused beam of monochromatized photons in the energy range from 15 to 150 eV, has been used to study the thermal desorption of oxide layers on Si(100). The instrument can provide high-resolution photoelectron spectra from selected parts of the surface as well as images showing the lateral distribution (on a micrometer scale) of elements in differen
We report on the performance of a grazing incidence spherical grating monochromator installed at MAX I and designed to cover the photon energy range from about 15-200 eV with high resolving power. It is intended mainly for angle-resolved photoemission work. Therefore, both refocusing optics, to obtain a small spot size at the sample, and a higher order light suppressor, to reduce the content of hi
The development of the ytterbium valence band region was followed with Synchrotron radiation induced Photoemission Spectroscopy (SPS) by interdiffusion of Yb into a Ni (110) single crystal in order to identify the valence conditions of Yb in the bulk and on the surface. During this process, also the width of the Ni L3VV Auger transition was investigated with X-ray induced Photoemission Spectroscop
N1s x-ray absorption spectra of bi-isonicotinic acid (2,28-bipyridine–4,48-dicarboxylic acid! on rutile TiO2(110) have been studied experimentally and quantum chemically. Differences between multilayer and monolayer spectra are explained by the adsorbate bonding to the substrate. A connection to the electronic coupling in dye-sensitized electrochemical devices is made.
Li−C60 compounds Lix¯C60 were studied for average Li concentration x¯<~1 using photoelectron spectroscopy. Strong evidence is found for the formation of LiC60 dimers, as well as a second phase. The study suggests that the smallest alkali-metal Li bonds to C60 largely ionically for certain configurations. An investigation of the Li 1s level shows that under certain conditions the energetics favor a
We present results of an eight-gene molecular study of the subfamily Acronictinae and related Noctuidae. Amphipyrinae are recovered as sister to Acronictinae, but with weak support - not surprisingly, the content of the two subfamilies has often been mixed in classifications. Balsinae, previously placed near Acronictinae or within Noctuinae, is recovered within an unresolved polytomy of Cuculliina
During epididymal maturation, sperm acquire the ability to swim progressively by interacting with proteins secreted by the epididymal epithelium. Beta-defensin proteins, expressed in the epididymis, continue to regulate sperm motility during capacitation and hyperactivation in the female reproductive tract. We characterized the mouse beta-defensin 41 (DEFB41), by generating a mouse model with iCre
Müllerian mimicry among Neotropical Heliconiini butterflies is an excellent example of natural selection, associated with the diversification of a large continental-scale radiation. Some of the processes driving the evolution of mimicry rings are likely to generate incongruent phylogenetic signals across the assemblage, and thus pose a challenge for systematics. We use a data set of 22 mitochondri
We examined morphological and genetic differences among Fennoscandian deer ked (Lipoptena cervi L, Hippoboscidae) populations with varying expansion history: the eastern population (Finland) has expanded rapidly, whereas the western population is divided into an old and relatively stationary sub-population in Sweden and a newly established and more expansive sub-population in Norway. The genetic a
We report the first discovery since the 1970s of a new extant family (Aenigmatineidae fam.n.) of homoneurous moths, based on the small Aenigmatinea glatzella sp.n. from Kangaroo Island off southern Australia. It exhibits a combination of extraordinary anatomical characters, and, unlike most homoneurous moths, its larva is a conifer-feeder (stem mining in Callitris, Cupressaceae). While the adult's
We studied the speciose butterfly genus Erebia by reconstructing its phylogenetic relationships using parsimony and Bayesian approaches. We estimated times and rates of diversification for its lineages and employed a biogeographical analysis in order to reconstruct its evolutionary history. DNA sequence data from one mitochondrial gene and three nuclear genes were analyzed for a total of 74 specie
Since its discovery and description, the oriental moth Pseudobiston pinratanai Inoue, 1994, could not be placed in any of the recognized families of Macroheterocera (Lepidoptera). Here, we used molecular and morphological data to infer the phylogenetic position of the species. These analyses indicate that Pseudobiston pinratanai is closely related to Epicopeiidae. Our analyses of morphological cha
Coevolutionary interactions are thought to have spurred the evolution of key innovations and driven the diversification of much of life on Earth. However, the genetic and evolutionary basis of the innovations that facilitate such interactions remains poorly understood. We examined the coevolutionary interactions between plants (Brassicales) and butterflies (Pieridae), and uncovered evidence for an
A new subspecies of Anthanassa drusilla, ssp rioverde, is described from Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. This new subspecies is isolated from all odier known subspecies of A. drusilla by at least 2000 km, and its closest taxon based on wing pattern is Anthanassa drusilla higginsi, from Cerro Neblina, Venezuela. To our knowledge, the species is endemic to the region of Pogos de Caldas Plateau (M
