Impartiality and Independence of Judges : The Development in European Case Law
Both the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR) include the right to a fair trial by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. The exact meaning of the phrase ‘an independent and impartial tribunal established by law’ has developed in case law. In this article, I analys
