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Background: Little is known regarding vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in African populations and in tuberculosis (TB) patients. VDD has been shown to be associated with TB. Objective: We aimed to compare the degree of vitamin D insufficiency (VDI) and VDD in TB patients and healthy adult controls in a West African population. Design: An unmatched case-control study was performed at a Demographic Survei

Popular Abstract in Swedish De flesta svenskar har nog upplevt hur skönt det kan värma i solen en klar vinterdag, trots att termometern visar minusgrader. Eller hur kallt det känns på ryggen en sommarkväll fastän man så sitter så nära en eld att det nästan bränns. Båda erfarenheterna beror på värmestrålning som kan värma oss utan att luften omkring oss är varm. Värmestrålningen från brasan når barInfrared (IR) dryers are widely used in the paper industry, mainly in the production of coated paper grades. The thesis deals with various aspects of heat transfer and energy use in infrared heaters and dryers as employed in the paper industry. Both gas-fired and electric IR dryers are considered and compared. The thesis also provides an introduction to infrared heaters and infrared drying, includ

This article deals with male and female sex and gender roles in a native Hawaiian context, focusing particularly on lesbians. The article's point of departure is that it is the individual who decides the norms and rules of his/her sexual and social behaviour, implying an inequadecy with models where the focus is on different "cultural" and "social" forms for modelling such behaviour. One important

The stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA4) is commonly used as a cell surface marker to identify the pluripotent human embryonic stem (ES) cells. Immunohistochemistry on human embryonic central nervous system revealed that SSEA4 is detectable in the early neuroepithelium, and its expression decreases as development proceeds. Flow cytometry analysis of forebrain-derived cells demonstrated that

A polymerase chain reaction for the specific detection of mycobacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex was developed. Using a single primer pair derived from the nucleotide sequence of protein antigen b of M. tuberculosis, we achieved specific amplification of a 419-base-pair DNA fragment in M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. After DNA was extracted from mycobacteria by using a simp

The essential spectrum of singular matrix differential operator determined by the operator matrix (-d/dx rho(x)d/dx + q(x) d/dx . beta/x - beta/x . d/dx m(x)/x(2))) is studied. It is proven that the essential spectrum of any self-adjoint operator associated with this expression consists of two branches. One of these branches (called regularity spectrum) can be obtained by approximating the operato

Nocturnal moths often use sex pheromones to find mates and ultrasonic hearing to evade echolocating bat predators. Male moths, when confronted with both pheromones and sound, thus have to trade off reproduction and predator avoidance depending on the relative strengths of the perceived conflicting stimuli. The ultrasonic hearing of Plodia interpunctella was investigated. A threshold curve for evas

The zinc-binding protein semenogelin I is the major structural component of the gelatinous coagulum that is formed in freshly ejaculated semen. Semenogelin I is a rapidly evolving protein with a primary structure that consists of six repetitive units, each comprising approximately 60 amino acid residues. We studied the secondary and tertiary structure of semenogelin I by circular dichroism (CD) sp

In vitro reassembled aggregates of cartilage proteoglycan (aggrecan) were studied by glycerol spraying/rotary shadowing electron microscopy and compared to the corresponding native (i.e. never dissociated) structures. In both cases a tightly packed central filament structure was observed consisting of the hyaluronate binding region (HABR) of the proteoglycan, link protein (LP) and hyaluronate (HA)

Popular Abstract in Swedish Den här avhandlingen studerar olika aspekter av fattigdom i Mongoliet, bland annat skattningar av dess storlek, effekter av fördelning och tillväxt förändringar samt olika policy besluts inverkan. Kapitel två analyserar förhållandet mellan fattigdom, tillväxt och ojämlikhet i Mongoliet. Analysen visar att sannolikheten att ett hushåll är fattigt beror på dess utbildninThis thesis considers various aspects of the poverty in Mongolia, including estimations of the actual as well as future-looking poverty, its distributional and growth components, and selected policy impacts on poverty. Chapter two analyzes the inter-relationship between poverty, growth, and inequality in Mongolia, using Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS) for 1998 and 2002. The results show

We conducted large-scale, systematic sampling of influenza type A virus in migratory waterfowl (mostly mallards [Anas platyrhynchos]) at Ottenby Bird Observatory, southeast Sweden. As with previous studies, we found a higher prevalence in fall than spring, and among juveniles compared with adults. However, in contrast to other studies, we found that prevalence in spring was sometimes high (mean 4.

A simple, novel, and general method is presented in this paper for approximating the sum of independent or arbitrarily correlated lognormal random variables (RV) by a single lognormal RV. The method is also shown to be applicable for approximating the sum of lognormal-Rice and Suzuki RVs by a single lognormal RV. A sum consisting of a mixture of the above distributions can also be easily handled.

Efficient use of industrial robots requires a strong interplay between user level commands, the motion control system, and external equipment. It should also be possible for an experienced application engineer to tailor the motion control to a specific application in a convenient way, instead of deficient utilization of the device or tricky user programming which is often the case today. A layered