“The Waterloo of Democracy against Despotism” : Chartist Internationalism and Poetic Repetition in the Labourer, 1847–48
This essay argues that Ernest Jones and Feargus O’Connor’s Chartist periodical the Labourer utilizes strategies of poetic repetition in order to reinvent the battle of Waterloo as a symbol of worldwide armed resistance to class oppression. The Labourer’s prose and verse contributions make repeated references to the violence of Waterloo, merging this poetic technique of repetition with the miscella