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Since the introduction of the transistor and the integrated circuit, the semiconductor industry has developed at a remarkable pace. By continuously fabricating smaller and faster transistors, it has been possible to maintain an exponential increase in performance, a phenomenon famously described by Moore’s Law. Today, billions of transistors are integrated on a single chip and the size of a transi
Lignin is a potential biofuel which can be extracted from kraft cooking liquor. Lignin can also prove valuable as a speciality chemical. By extracting lignin potential economical revenue can be gained by pulp mills, as well as technical benefits such as easier delignification and bleaching. The subject of this work was the extraction of lignin from kraft cooking liquor using ceramic ultrafiltrati
A thermodynamic model for electrolyte solutions has been derived for binary and multicomponent solutions up to very high molalities. The model was extensively tested on 163 binary aqueous electrolyte systems up to very high molalities, and the results show that the model represents mean ionic activity coefficients and osmotic coefficients very accurately. The model parameters vary significantly be
One of the noticeable trends in recent years is that products have received increasing attention in environmental policy. The focus on products and their life cycle impacts is often referred to as ?life cycle thinking?. This implies a shift away from the traditional focus on production processes and the environmental impacts of point-source pollution, towards a stronger focus on emissions from the
The mean by which a gas turbine combustor is cooled is of major importance for the efficiency and emission performance of the machine. The trends of increasing top cycle temperature and leaner combustion have also been accompanied by a need of efficient use of the cooling air. Traditional cooling schemes such as film cooling are associated with high coolant flow rates and unacceptable emission lev
Low temperature has a large impact on the survival and distribution of plants. Interactive effects with high irradiance lead to cold-induced photoinhibition, which may impact on the establishment and growth of tree seedlings. In this thesis, novel approaches are applied for relating the spatial variability in low temperature and irradiance to photosynthetic performance and growth of tree seedlings
This thesis deals with Maya religion and history. The Books of Chilam Balam is the collective title of a body of texts ascribed to the Jaguar Prophet. They are written in the Yucatec Maya language, and tell the reader about Yucatec Maya cosmology, rituals, prophecies, calendars, medicine and they are as well considered as Yucatec Maya emic historiography. These manuscripts are considered enigmatic
The neutrophil constitutes the first line of defence against invading organisms and its primary function is to recognize, phagocytose and kill intruding microorganisms. In this thesis, the membrane traffic in neutrophils and neutrophil-like cells was studied. Non-opsonised S. pyogenes bacteria was shown to induce a rapid and localised pinosome formation in neutrophils. The pinocytosis was not an i
FASTING DURING THE holy month of Ramadan is both a joy and a jihad for the Islamic community in Java, and it is arguably the most highly esteemed Muslim ritual in Indonesia (and beyond). To be given the opportunity to abstain from food, drink and sexual relations from the early morning hours until sunset during an entire month in a tropical climate - only to fill the nights with additional and sup
Mathematical modelling and simulation are important tools when dealing with engineering systems that today are becoming increasingly more complex. Tightly integrated production and process optimization are trends that give rise to heterogeneous systems, which are difficult to handle without expertise in several engineering disciplines. Model libraries provide an excellent way to package engineerin
The aim of this thesis was to define and develop the concept of health promotion in mental health services as well as to develop a questionnaire to measure patients? subjective experiences of health promotion intervention in mental health services. The samples consisted of 12 patients in study I and 12 nurses in study II as well as 135 patients in mental health services in study III and IV. Data w
This dissertation discusses the personal implications of the early consequences of rheumatoid arthritis, how they effect the person's working life and how they are dealt with. In this qualitative study thematized interviews are used. Twenty-three persons, recently diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, were interviewed twice, two years apart. The study is influenced by an interactionist perspective
This study attempts to answer the question of why Laban the Aramean, a rather harmless character as presented in the biblical text, is generally portrayed in rabbinic literature as a major enemy of Jacob and Israel. It is argued that the portrait of Laban as a villain developed as a result of rabbinic hermeneutics, and that the characteristics which are attributed to him in rabbinic literature wer
The present thesis deals with the activation of CO2 by insertion reactions into palladium-carbon bonds. This has been realised for the complexes {2,6-bis[(di-t-butylphosphino)methyl]benzene}palladium(II)methyl [(PCP)PdMe] and (PCP)PdCH2CHCH2. These complexes have also been used in the catalytic carboxylation of ZnMe2 and Bu3SnCH2CHCH2. Because of trans influence the palladium-methyl bond is severe
The principal purposes of the studies reported in this thesis were to develop new methods to make computerised decision support systems in medicine both more reliable and fully automated. These aims were pursued in the belief that the solution to these problems will lead to an increased clinical use of such systems resulting in benefit to both patient and physician. In the first two studies, meth
Hazardous radioactive sources out of regulatory control are referred to as orphan sources. Focussing on gamma-emitting orphan sources, this thesis describes methods that can be used in mobile gamma-ray spectrometry to perform real-time discrimination between an actual source signal and the signal due to the natural radiation background. Two categories of methods for orphan source detection are pre
The current form-giving activity in industrial design is characterized by explorations that depend on the individual capability to mentally manipulate a solution space from which to select and express the intended result. Industrial designers frequently rely on artistic experimentation, aesthetic inspiration, or design briefs. These points of departure often result in satisfactory results, but the
The aim of this work was to investigate the dosimetric effects of removing the flattening filter from conventional C-arm medical linear accelerators. In conventional linear accelerators used for radiotherapy, a flattening filter is positioned in the beam line to provide a uniform lateral dose profile at a specified depth in water. However, for some radiotherapy treatments, a uniform lateral dose p
How are access to asylum and other forms of extraterritorial protection regulated in the European Union? Is the EU acquis in these areas in conformity with international law? What tools does international law offer to solve conflicts between them? And, finally, is law capable of bridging the foundational oppositions embedded in migration and asylum issues? This work combines the potential of legal
