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Search for lost Point Sources using Mobile Gamma Spectrometry

"At searching for lost point sources, it is important to use an optimal search strategy and an optimal methodology for spectrum data analysis. The purpose of this work is to evaluate a simple on-line method for locating lost point sources in the environment with carborne gamma spectrometry and study different strategies for detector geometries and speed of the car. The scope of this thesis

Off-axis primary-dose measurements using a mini-phantom

The characterization of the incident photon beam is usually divided into its dependence on collimator setting (head-scatter factor) and off-axis position (primary off-axis ratio). These parameters are normally measured "in air" with a build-up cap, thick enough to generate full dose build-up at the depth of dose maximum. In order to prevent any influence from contaminating electrons, it

Monte Carlo simulations of the Elekta SLi Plus electron applicator system A base for a new applicator design to reduce radiation leakage

In this report the characteristics of the electron applicator system for an Elekta SLi Plus linear accelerator have been studied. The investigation will serve as a basis for a new applicator design that will give less radiation leakage. The present applicator system does not fully comply with the recommendations of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standards recording radiation l

90Y-Scintigraphy of small animals A study of imaging parameters

Yttrium-90 is a pure β-emitting radionuclide with a high energy (Emax = 2.28 MeV) and a short half-life (T½ = 64.1 h). It has shown to be a promising isotope to use in radio-immunotherapy. In the absence of direct photon emission scintillation camera imaging can be obtained by acquiring events from bremsstrahlung photons created at or near the decay site of the radionuclide. It is, however, not ev

Patient positioning correction strategies in radiotherapy A portal imaging study

I dag får en stor del av alla cancerpatienter strålbehandling. Den joniserade strålningen har mycket hög energi och ambitionen är att slå ut hela tumören samtidigt som man skonar den omgivande friska vävnaden i största möjliga mån. Efter bestrålning reparerar cellerna sig till stor del. Eftersom friska celler reparerar sig i högre utsträckning än tumörceller, delar man upp behandlingen i flera beh"Purpose: To find the optimal correction strategy to decrease the set-up errors for pelvic patients at the Department of Radiation Physics at the Finsen Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital. Materials and methods: Using electronic portal imaging devise (EPID), 765 portal images from 17 patients, treated for bladder-, rectum-, anus- or gynecologic-carcinoma were aquired. The patients had th

Dosimetric Verification of Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy Treatment Plans with Radiographic Film

Idag behandlas cancer med bl.a. strålbehandling, tyvärr ger denna många gånger biverkningar. Detta beror på att strålningen inte bara skadar cancerceller utan även friska celler, eftersom strålningen måste passera frisk vävnad för att nå in till cancertumören. Det har nyligen utvecklats en ny strålbehandlingsteknik som kan minska strålningen till frisk vävnad samtidigt som tumören ges en hög strål"Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a fairly new modality in the treatment of cancer with radiotherapy. The original idea is Swedish and has existed for more than 20 years. But it is only in recent years that clinics have implemented the IMRT technique. IMRT uses many segments (small subfields) that build up radiation fields with nonuniform energy fluence. With this technique, be

Production of 45Ti using a low-energy accelerator

The purpose of this study was to obtain more knowledge of the parameters affecting the production of 45Ti utilizing the nuclear reaction 45Sc(p,n) 45Ti. Titanium-45 decays by +-decay and E.C. to 45Sc with a half-life of 3,08 h. These properties make the radionuclide suitable for positron emission tomography (PET).The work was carried out at the Department of Physics in Lund using the V

Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy Treatment Planning with OTP/TMS for Head&Neck Carcinomas in the ARTSCAN study

Cancer är en otrevlig sjukdom, som drabbar många människor. Man söker ständigt nya och bättre sätt att bota patienter eller åtminstone lindra sjukdomens framfart. Ett vanligt sätt att behandla cancer är med strålning. Strålningen kan bestå av sk fotoner. Fotoner är samma slags partiklar som t.ex. vanligt ljus. Skillnaden är att de fotoner som används vid strålbehandling av cancer har högre energi "Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate whether inversely planned intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), using the clinical radiotherapy equipment at hand in our department, renders any advantages regarding dose distribution over conventional radiotherapy for head and neck cancer patients in the ARTSCAN (Accelerated RadioTherapy of Squamous cell Carcinoma in the head And Nec

Investigation of Side Effects During Radioactive (191Pt) Cisplatin Treatment in Wistar Rats

Cisplatin is a cytostatic agent that has been used for more than 30 years in the treatment of a wide spectrum of tumours. The clinical use is limited by its side effects, primarily renal toxicity. An enhanced anti tumour effect has been demonstrated for radioactive (191Pt) cisplatin both in in vitro and in vivo models by our group. The purpose of the present study was to compare the side effects f

Dosimetrical studies on a tissue level using the MCNP4c2 Monte Carlo Simulations

För att uppskatta risker av joniserande strålning används begreppet absorberad dos, som är den absorberade energin per massenhet i ett organ. För radioaktiva läkemedel är absorberad dos inte direkt översättbart till risk, bland annat pga heterogena fördelningar av aktivitet på både vävnads- och cellnivå. Denna heterogenitet kan inte mätas med dagens scintillationskamera, då denna har en upplösningThe purpose of this thesis has been to learn the MCNP-code, its theory and limitations, and how to use it in the field of small-scale dosimetry. In order to evaluate the applicability of the code for future dosimetry studies it was applied on a novel small-intestinal dosimetry model. For some radiopharmaceuticals a significant amount of activity is excreted through the gastrointestinal tract. It h

Pharmacokinetic modeling for optimization of radioimmunotherapy – macroscopic and microscopic approach

Purpose: For evaluation, development and optimization of treatment strategies in radionuclide therapy, it is useful to study and model the pharmacokinetics of the therapeutic agent. The aim of this study was to create models for describing the pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies used for radioimmunotherapy.Method: Two models, based on very different modeling approaches, are presented in this

Monte Carlo based investigation of the influence of accelerator head geometry on megavolt photon beam quality in radiotherapy

Många av dagens cancerpatienter får strålbehandling. Den strålning som produceras i en strålbehandlingsapparat är av två olika slag: elektronstrålning och fotonstrålning. Vanligt ljus är också fotonstrålning, men fotonstrålningen som används inom strålbehandling är mycket mer energirik och kallas med ett annat namn för röntgenstrålning. Inför en strålbehandling görs mycket planering utav ett team "This project concerns the precise characterization of one of the VARIAN accelerators used in the radiotherapy clinic at the Finsen Centre at Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark. Detailed characteristics of the clinical beam incident on the patient are almost impossible to measure. Even though manufacturers provide the necessary information about the specific accelerator, the models are c

Analysis of the Benefit of Quantification in Myocardial Perfusion Imaging A human observer ROC evaluation using Monte Carlo Simulated Data

Patienter med misstänkt hjärtinfarkt genomgår ofta hjärtscintigrafi för att undersöka den regionala förändringen av blodets passage genom hjärtmuskeln. Orsaken till de sjukliga förändringarna kan antingen vara ischemi (nedsatt blodflöde pga förkalkningar i blodkärl) eller infarkt (celldöd i muskulaturen). För att utföra en hjärtscintigrafiundersökning används ett radioaktivt läkemedel (99Tcm-Sesta"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefit of commercial quantification software in perfusion SPECT imaging by simulating a group of patients and their corresponding SPECT acquisitions using a computer phantom and a Monte Carlo program. Based on decisions from experienced physicians and their visual interpretation of the simulated patient images, without and with addition of the i

Optimisation of direct digital mammography with the Jackknife FROC method

Varje år genomförs cirka 750 000 röntgenundersökningar i Sverige av bröst. Genom röntgenstrålning fås en bild fram där radiologen kan utvärdera om bröstet är friskt. Ifall detta inte är fallet ökar chanserna att framgångsrikt kunna behandla cancern om upptäckten sker i god tid. Med undersökningarna måste fördelarna vägas mot nackdelarna. Risken att någon gång i livet få strålningsinducerad cancer

Monte Carlo simulation with Geant4 for verification of rotational total skin electron therapy (TSET)

Detta arbete handlar om en behandlingsteknik för hudterapi där lågenergetiska elektroner utnyttjas för strålbehandling där patienten står eller sitter på en roterande plattform. För att behandlingen skall få ett lyckat resultat krävs en viss stråldos (den absorberade energin per massenhet) till patientens hud. För att kontrollera att dosen är rätt används normalt mätningar med olika detektorer. DeBackground and purpose: This study refers to a rotational radiotherapy technique for the treatment of mycosis fungoides. Patients are irradiated by a high dose-rate low-energy electron beam while they stand on a rotating platform. This report presents a first effort to use the Geant4 simulation program to calculate the relation between the stationary and rotational depth dose distributions in an e

Potential for lower doses in digital mammograph Tumor detection in hybrid images using a dose reduction simulation method

Purpose: To determine how image quality linked to tumor detection is affected by reducing the absorbed dose to 50% and 30% of standard dose levels, i.e. an average glandular dose of 1.26 mGy for a standard breast according to European guidelines. Material and methods: Tumors were computer simulated and inserted into 40 out of 90 normal, unprocessed images acquired from the screening department at

Experimental Radionuclide Therapy Quantitative Pinhole planar and SPECT imaging, aiming for dosimetry based on biokinetic modeling and small animal S-values

Svår, elakartad och längre gången cancer är ett stort problem i förhindrande av spridda tumörceller i kroppen. I detta sjukdomsstadium är oftast en lindrande (palliativ) behandlingsform enda vägen att välja för att hjälpa patienten. För närvarande sker detta genom att patienten får genomlida extern strålbehandling eller cellgiftsbehandling. Radioaktivt märkta och ”målsökande” antikroppar injicerNew radionuclide therapies in humans should be preceded by experimental animal therapies, in order to evaluate the efficacy of the new therapy regime. These experimental studies have to be performed with a reliable and accurate quantification system, with properties that have been evaluated and where possible flaws have been corrected for. The aim of this work was to evaluate the SPECT pinhole col

BNCT in vivo dosimetry A feasibility study using an HPGe detector for prompt gamma spectroscopy

Idag behandlas de flesta patienter som diagnostiserats med gliom, en otäck hjärntumör, med fotoner producerade i en linjäraccelerator på någon av landets strålbehandlingskliniker. Tumören växer inuti hjärnan på ett mycket aggressivt sätt, vilket gör den nästan omöjlig att bota. Det normala är att strålningen kombineras med cellgifter och kirurgi för att ge patienten så lång tid som är möjligt, tilIncreased accuracy in patient dosimetry in BNCT is needed. This need for more accurate individual patient dose estimations initiated this project at the Swedish BNCT facility at Studsvik. One possible way to achieve this is to use an HPGe detector. This project involves the complete construction and testing of such a system in a treatment representative environment.The system builds on an ORTEC GM

Evaluation of automatic treatment planning using iterative method, for permanent seed implantation of the prostate

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate if the inverse planning available in the dedicated planning program VariSeed 7.1, can generate plans of equal quality to plans generated through manual planning.Materials and Methods: In this study the dedicated permanent seed implantation planning system VariSeed 7.1. (Varian, Paolo Alto California) was used for inverse planning, using a dose-volu

Brachyterapy for cancer of the cervix 3D Dose distributions for new ring applicator using BrachyVision, for clinical use

Curative radiotherapy for cancer of the cervix consists of a combination of extern beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and brachytherapy (BT). The most important prognostic factors are tumour size, tumour extension and lymph node involvement.Traditional dose planning for BT of cervix cancer is based on two orthogonal films with the applicators in place in cervix. The dose distribution is related to the appli