Wind can act as an external cue to control an animal's heading. A new study reveals the neural mechanisms behind the wind information pathway in the insect brain.

The dynamics of β-casein and casein micelles in the reconstitution of skim milk were revisited in this study. β-casein migrates into casein micelles upon an increase in temperatures due to an increase in the hydrophobic effect and lower calcium-phosphate cluster solubility. This process can be reversed upon cooling. These phenomena are well known in fresh milk and are not yet clearly established f

Supercritical fluids (e.g., hydrocarbon fuels, water, carbon dioxide, and organic working medium, etc) have been recognized as working media to improve thermal efficiencies in power cycles and energy conversion, and have been used or selected as the working fluids in engineering fields such as aerospace, nuclear power, solar energy, refrigeration, geothermal energy, chemical technology, and so on.

Material family of zinc blende structure semiconductors (ZBSSs) is important for novel technique such as spintronics. A study of the ZBSS spin-splitting structure in momentum space is essential when seeking to understand the exotic properties of the material. The Dresselhaus field predominates in the bulk, but the Rashba field plays important roles in states near the surface. Here, we used circula

Market-based fisheries management systems give incentives to reduce the fleet size and employment, which increases earnings and contributes to resolve the tragedy of the commons. However, the often-stated expectation that economies of scale cause the disappearance of small-scale fishery is not observed in many cases. In this study, we investigate the effects on fleet structure in the period after

We present here an unprecedented way of quantifying the number of dislocations in microcrystals. This method relies on a combination of several state-of-the-art techniques: coherent x-ray diffraction used as a local probe, together with the controlled compression of micro-objects. We demonstrate that by using this method, dislocations in the microcrystal can be detected and their number precisely

Ion beam sputtering is a widely used technique to obtain patterned surfaces. Despite the wide use of this approach on different materials to create surface nanostructures, the theoretical model to explain the time evolution of the erosion process is still debated. We show, with the help of simulations, that two-time correlation functions can serve to assess the validity of different models. These

A novel approach to determine the structure of nanoscale crystals in three dimensions is proposed by the use of coherent x-ray Fourier transform holography in Bragg geometry. The full internal description is directly obtained by a single Fourier transform of the 3D intensity hologram. Together with the morphology, Bragg geometry gives access to the 3D displacement field within the crystal. This re

We report on periodic ripple formation on Si(001) surfaces after bombardment with Xe+ ions with energies between 5 and 35 keV under incidence angles of 65° and 70°. The sputter process leads to the formation of a rippled amorphous surface layer, followed by a rippled interface toward crystalline material. Using grazing-incidence small-angle scattering and diffraction, we show that the surface morp

During ion sputtering of GaSb(100) surfaces a transient behavior from initial smoothing to roughening accompanied by self-organized pattern formation has been observed using in situ x-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence small angle scattering. The induced patterns show hexagonally ordered nanodot arrays with a spatial periodicity of 30 nm. The correlation length of the pattern increases with io

The properties of nanoscale materials vary with the size and shape of the building blocks, which can be measured by (grazing-incidence) small-angle X-ray scattering along with the mutual positions of the nanoparticles. The accuracy in the determination of such parameters is dependent on the signal-to-noise ratio of the X-ray scattering pattern and on the visibility of the interference fringes. Her

The 2015 Paris Agreement specified that the goal of international climate policy is to strengthen the global response to climate change by restricting the average global warming this century to “well below” 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. In this context, “Negative Emissions Technologies” (NETs)—technologies that remove additional greenhouse gases (GHGs)

There is currently interest in low strain HPHT diamond due to its expected application as various types of X-ray optical elements at Synchrotrons, where the X-ray intensity is becoming progressively too severe for the existing materials. The diamond crystals need to be synthesised with unprecedented lattice quality. In recent measurements at the ID19 beamline of European Synchrotron Radiation Faci

Background: The aim of this study was to explore the risk of invasive colorectal cancer (CRC) in relatives of patients with colorectal carcinoma in situ (CCIS), which is lacking in the literature. Patients and Methods: We collected data from Swedish family-cancer datasets and calculated standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and cumulative risk of CRC in family histories of CCIS in first- and second-d

After emerging in China in late 2019, the novel Severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread worldwide and as of early 2021, continues to significantly impact most countries. Only a small number of coronaviruses are known to infect humans, and only two are associated with the severe outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavir

S100A9, a pro-inflammatory alarmin, is up-regulated in inflamed tissues. However, the role of S100A9 in regulating neutrophil activation, inflammation and lung damage in sepsis is not known. Herein, we hypothesized that blocking S100A9 function may attenuate neutrophil recruitment in septic lung injury. Male C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with the S100A9 inhibitor ABR-238901 (10 mg/kg), prior to cer

We show the capability of in-situ and ex-situ grazing-incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and diffraction (GID) techniques, using synchrotron radiation, to study the formation of self-organized nanodot patterns on semiconductor targets by ion beam sputtering (IBS). Particularly, surface nanopatterns of short-range hexagonal arrays of nanodots (as observed by atomic force microscopy ima

A detailed characterization of the coherent x-ray wavefront produced by a partially illuminated Fresnel zone plate is presented. We show, by numerical and experimental approaches, how the beam size and the focal depth are strongly influenced by the illumination conditions, while the phase of the focal spot remains constant. These results confirm that the partial illumination can be used for cohere

Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive skin cancers with high potential of visceral dissemination. Since the information about melanoma genomics is mainly based on primary tumors and lymphatic or skin metastases, an autopsy-based visceral metastasis biobank was established. We used copy number variation arrays (N = 38 samples) to reveal organ specific alterations. Results were partly com