För drygt tio år sedan infördes sluten ungdomsvård som ersättning av fängelsestraffet för lagöverträdare mellan 15 och 17 år. Tidigare var fängelse enda påföljden som fanns att tillgå för unga som gjort sig skyldiga till mycket allvarlig brottslighet. Lagstiftaren fann situationen otillfredsställande, eftersom fängelsemiljön ansågs olämplig för unga personer. Istället skulle de unga nu beredas indOver ten years ago closed institutional youth care was introduced as a substitute of the prison sentence for offenders between the ages of 15 and 17. Previously, imprisonment was the only sanction for young people who have committed serious delinquency. The legislature found the situation unsatisfactory as the prison environment was considered harmful and inappropriate for young people. The respon

Gender mainstreaming has since the mid-1990s been the strategy adopted in order to incorporate the gender perspective in all decision making. Although the strategy existed for almost 18 years, research shows that the implementation of gender mainstreaming still suffers from shortcomings. Many municipalities mention the lack of methodological support, knowledge and specific Equality strategists as

In this essay I have examined the factors that may be underlying the fact that the co-operation between the Trade Union Confederation, LO, and the Social Democratic Workers Party, SAP, in Sweden is still strong. In Norway and Denmark this collaboration broke a few years ago and so I made an account of various factors that may have contributed to this break in Norway and Denmark, which I then compa

Economic growth has for a long time been the policy goal for Western cities. Since the decline of the Keynesian economic model, cities have to compete against others – on a global arena – to attract citizens and corporations to their cities. To reach the policy goal of economic growth cities develops growth oriented strategies. In a Swedish context, local politics have often been understood as the

This thesis analyzes the legitimacy of lay judge’s participation in Swedish courts, addressed as ‘nämndemän’. The Swedish lay judges are assigned in accordance to the proportional share that the political parties receive in the municipal elections. Lay judges therefore represent a political party in court, though sworn by oath not to be affected by it in their judging. The question stated is wheth

Institutet fusioner är en typ av sammanslagningar av företag. Den här uppsatsen tar sikte på den typen av sammanslagningar som definieras som fusioner enligt svensk inkomstskatterätt. Fusioner är enligt Inkomstskattelag (1999:1229) IL ombildningar där samtliga tillgångar och skulder och andra förpliktelser hos ett företag ska tas över av ett annat företag och det överlåtande företaget ska upplösasThe institute of mergers is a certain way of restructuring companies. This thesis aims to discuss mergers that are captured by the State Income Tax Act (SITA). Mergers are according to SITA restructurings, where all assets and liabilities and other obligations, belonging to one company are being transferred to another company and the transferring company is dissolved without liquidation. The frame

While the European Union´s accession process for Central European countries continues and Gender Equality develops to a controversially discussed topic in society, the influence of the European Union on present and potential member states remains unclear. New Institutionalism theory provides a framework based on Institutions, Interests and Ideas highlighting tools and channels of the European Unio

Uppsats är ett fall av transition vilken syftar till att förklara varför Vitryssland inte demokratiserats utan idag är Europas sista diktatur. För att kunna förklara fallet har jag valt att göra en empirisk förklarande enfallsstudie. Uppsatsen är av teorikonsumerande karaktär vilken ämnar analysera hur Vitrysslands icke-demokratiska situation, under åren 1991-2010, kan förklaras. Studien har sin t

The decision making process in the European Union is an ongoing machine that sippers through all the political levels and subject areas. Which actors that possesses the ability to affect these processes and have power in these different matters is an question debated for a long time and will continued to be. This essay will try to bring some answers to the matter, if the selected actors have had a

In late 2007 and early 2008, the price of food on international commodity markets rose rapidly to unprecedented levels. This period of time has since been known as the global food crisis; a time characterised by growing poverty, malnutrition and political unrest. Food prices have since settled, though at a higher level than before, but during and directly after the crisis governments around the wo

This thesis tries to analyse the effects that the Lisbon treaty will have on the legislative influence of the European Parliament. Contrary from other studies in this field, this thesis focuses on how a stronger EP would change EU-legislation. By using a rational-choice approach and a specially designed research model, the EP’s impact is examined. To ensure that informal procedures are included in

This thesis examines the connection between previous experience of democracy and the inclination to democratic consolidation. Huntington predicted in 1991 in his famous book The Third Wave that countries which became democratic during the so called Third Wave of democratization would be more inclined to democratic consolidation if they had a historical experience of democracy. Other scientists hav

A sustainable development was defined by the Brundtlandscommission for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development as "... a development that meets present needs without compromising future generations to meet their own needs". The definition includes a broad consideration of economic, environmental and social aspects. The definition thus creates a good example of the

One important part of democratic consolidation is the institutionalisation of the party system and parties as they are central in that process. Party system institutionalisation in Africa has been a growing subject the last 20 years. In this paper I will present my theory and my findings from interviews with 24 interviewees including politicians, journalists and academia in Malawi during April and

Leadership can be expressed within the school system, managing the business and at home. Something that is essential and important in leadership research is the perception of male and female leaders/ managers. This essay addresses the question whether there are distinct differences between male and female leaders/ managers. This study is based on theories of leadership properties and leader styles

This is foremost an essay in international relations theory, where realism is a major school within the field and has been so for quite some time. A sub-field within realism is structural realism that can be said to begin with Kenneth Waltz and his Theory of International Politics. This essay takes a “great thinkers”-approach and compares and analyses three versions of structural realism as presen

This essay describes the will of states to cooperate in organizations so that they can respond towards relative power changes between them. The focus of the essay is Russia’s interests to cooperate in Central Asia in the organization Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). I use Kenneth Waltz theory about defensive realism and Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye’s theory about interdependence to descri

In recent years there has been an intensive discussion about how Sweden should be organized in the future. At the turn of 2010/2011six Halland communes formed Region Halland. In this thesis the changes of the Swedish state space are studied through a theoretical approach which focuses on the spatial selectivity. By the concept of spatial selectivity the political-economic aspects of spatial chang

The aim of this thesis is to explain the Swedish foreign policy change regarding to the recognition of new states between 1991 and 2011. Traditionally the Swedish policy on recognition of new states is based on the legal criteria for statehood; a state must possess a permanent population; cover a defined territory and be presided over by an effective government. In this thesis a descriptive study

Is it possible to integrate contradictionary goals like economic growth, social development and at the same time protect the environment? This essay’s aim is to contribute to the field of environmental policy integration. Due to the author’s Lenshow and Jordan, Sweden is a country that has been integrating environmental policy for a long time and is not as sensitive as many other countries to dif