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Providing "always-on" Internet connectivity is crucial for mobile networks in automobiles and personal area networks. The Network Mobility (NEMO) protocol provides such a support involving a bi-directional tunnel between a gateway for the mobile network and a Home Agent. However, the routing path between them is hardly optimal. In this paper, we investigate the use of ad-hoc routing protocols for
Good phylogenetic trees are required to test hypotheses about evolutionary processes. We report four new avian mitochondrial genomes, which together with an improved method of phylogenetic analysis for vertebrate mt genomes give results for three questions in avian evolution. The new nit genomes are: magpie goose (Anseranas semipalmata), ail owl (morepork, Ninox novaeseelandiae); a basal passerine
KinMutBase (http://www.uta.fi/laitokset/imt/KinMutBase. html) is a registry of mutations in human protein kinases related to disorders. Kinases are essential cellular signalling molecules, in which mutations can lead into diseases including, e.g., immunodeficiencies, cancers and endocrine disorders. The first release of KinMutBase contains information for nine protein tyrosine kinases. There are a
Introduction Radionuclide therapy has distinct similarities to, but also profound differences from external radiotherapy. Review This review discusses techniques and results of previously developed dosimetry methods in thyroid carcinoma, neuro-endocrine tumours, solid tumours and lymphoma. In each case, emphasis is placed on the level of evidence and practical applicability. Although dosimetry has
Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy is used increasingly to probe molecular motions at the aqueous interfaces of biological macromolecules and membranes. By recording the time variation of the fluorescence frequency, thermal atomic fluctuations in the vicinity of the chromophore can be probed. From such fluorescence Stokes shift (FSS) experiments, it has been inferred that water motions in the
Background: Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) is a standard staging procedure in early breast cancer. Its suitability for larger tumours has been questioned. This study evaluated the reliability of SNB in women with invasive breast cancer larger than 3 cm in diameter who were clinically axillary node negative. Methods: Some 109 women with a turnout larger than 3 cm on pathological analysis were identifie
We report the growth of ultrathin diamond nanorods (DNRs) by a microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition method using a mixture gas of nitrogen and methane. DNRs have a diameter as thin as 2.1 nm, which is not only smaller than reported one-dimensional diamond nanostructures (4-300 nm) but also smaller than the theoretical value for energetically stable DNRs. The ultrathin DNR is encapsu
This paper considers a single-echelon inventory system with a warehouse facing compound Poisson customer demand. Normally the warehouse replenishes from an outside supplier according to a continuous review reorder point policy. However, it is also possible to use emergency orders. Such orders incur additional costs but have a much shorter lead time. We consider standard holding and backorder costs
Analyses and a discussion of the consequences for lightweight structures, typical wood frame or truss structures, when a change of the statistical description of random parameters in a reliability based code format is made without considering how the code once was derived is presented. The special case when the statistical description of variable load is altered, is described with and without cons
Organ-specific lymphocyte homing is dependent on the expression of tissue-specific homing receptors and selected chemokine receptors. During the effector phase of an immune response, IgA and IgG antibody-secreting cells (ASC) are differently distributed in the body. Still, B cell expression of L-selectin and the mucosal homing receptor integrin alpha 4 beta 7 is not related to the isotype produced
Accumulated evidence links an important signal involved in glucose-stimulated insulin release to the activation of the islet lysosomal glycogenolytic enzyme acid glucan-1,4-alpha-glucosidase. We have analyzed the function of the lysosomal system/lysosomal enzyme activities in pancreatic islets of young (6-8 weeks), spontaneously diabetic, GK (Goto-Kakizaki) rats and Wistar control rats in relation
As a redhead I have had a personal interest in red hair, freckles and sunburns since childhood. An observation of a formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in human epidermal melanocytes initiated my scientific interest in these cells. Prota and Nicolaus demonstrated that oxidation products of cysteinyldopas are the main components of pheomelanin. Our identification of 5-S-cysteinyldopa as the source of
We present an analysis of the cooling of a micromechanical resonator by means of measurement and feedback. The measurements are performed via the coupling to a Cooper-pair box, and although the coupling does not lead to net cooling, the extraction of information and hence entropy from the system leads to a pure quantum state. Under suitable circumstances, the states become very close to coherent s
OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of antihistamine use in early pregnancy on delivery outcome. METHODS: Using prospectively collected information on drug use in early pregnancy, delivery outcome was studied among 17 266 women with 17 776 deliveries and 18 197 infants. The analysis was performed according to the main reason for antihistamine use: nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and allergy. RESULTS:
Background: In Malmo approximately 250 000 citizens live in 17 administrative areas with substantial socioeconomic differences. At the single centre for arterial reconstruction, Malmo University Hospital, all procedures are registered prospectively. Methods: Between 1987 and 2002, 1832 Malmo citizens underwent reconstruction for peripheral arterial disease, either intermittent claudication (IQ or
Process-based models can be classified into: (a) terrestrial biogeochemical models (TBMs), which simulate fluxes of carbon, water and nitrogen coupled within terrestrial ecosystems, and (b) dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs), which further couple these processes interactively with changes in slow ecosystem processes depending on resource competition, establishment, growth and mortality of di
