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Type 2 Diabetes in Relation to Hip Bone Density, Area, and Bone Turnover in Swedish Men and Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Men and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have higher risk of hip fracture, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. We aimed to investigate how T2DM, glucose, and insulin were associated with femoral bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral area (BMA), and bone turnover markers. We used two cross-sectional cohorts: the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM, n = 452, mean age

The Free Hormone Hypothesis: Is Free Serum25-Hydroxyvitamin D a Better Marker for Bone Mineral Density in Older Women?

It is presently unclear whether free serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (S 25(OH)D) better reflects bone health than total S 25(OH)D. We have previously shown that summer total S 25(OH)D values are more useful to predict bone mineral density (BMD) than winter values. Our objective was therefore to compare the relative importance of free and total S 25(OH)D for BMD by season. BMD was measured by dual energy

The seasonal importance of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D for bone mineral density in older women.

BackgroundThe impact of season when determining a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25OHD) cut-off level for optimal bone health is unknown.ObjectiveTo investigate the relative importance of S-25OHD for bone mineral density (BMD) by season.MethodsA subcohort of 5002 Swedish women (mean age 68 years), randomly selected from a large population-based longitudinal cohort study with repeat dietary and lifes

Approaches to mediation analysis in causal inference

This article provides an overview of the role mediation analyses play in causal inferencemethodology and in the estimation of the effect an exposure may have on an outcome throughdirect and indirect pathways. We discuss traditional approaches to mediation and where thesemay lead to bias, before discussing more advanced methods that can be used to overcome thesebiases in situations with single and

Dual design for additive manufacturing in engineering design: a systematic literature review

PurposeDual design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) takes into account both the opportunities and constraints of AM simultaneously, which research shows is more effective than considering them separately. Unlike existing reviews, this paper aims to map DfAM research within the engineering design process, focusing solely on studies adopting dual DfAM. Additionally, it aims to suggest future resear

No Biased Attention to Threat, Incompleteness, and Disgust in Youth with OCD and Anxiety Disorders

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and anxiety disorders are early-onset mental disorders characterized by selective attention and strong emotional reactions. Attentional bias has been proposed to play a role in the development, onset, and maintenance of the disorders, but few studies have included youth with mental disorders, and no study has included more than one clinical group, making it uncl

Development and Psychometric Properties of the Pain and Sensitivity Reactivity Scale in a Diverse Sample of Autistic People

Background: Recent studies indicate the need to examine how the gut microbiota–brain axis is implicated in pain, sensory reactivity and gastro-intestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but no scale exists that assesses all these constructs simultaneously. Methods: We created a pool of 100 items based on the real-world experience of autistic people, and a multidisciplinary team and sta

Positive Network Systems : Heuristic Methods and Opinion Dynamics

The analysis of interconnected systems is a large and growing field, with successful applications in a wide range of natural and synthesized systems. Biomolecular networks, power grids and human social dynamics have all been the subject of study through the lens of network dynamics, with impressive results. The work presented in this thesis takes the form of four research papers all focusing in di

Measurement properties of the Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale (MISS) among cardiac arrest survivors – A Rasch evaluation study

IntroductionCardiac arrest (CA) survivors often face significant health challenges, including insomnia, which can adversely affect their health-related quality of life. The Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale (MISS) is a brief, self-reported instrument designed to screen for insomnia. This study aimed to identify the measurement properties of the MISS in CA survivors and to explore a relevant cut-off sIntroductionCardiac arrest (CA) survivors often face significant health challenges, including insomnia, which can adversely affect their health-related quality of life. The Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale (MISS) is a brief, self-reported instrument designed to screen for insomnia. This study aimed to identify the measurement properties of the MISS in CA survivors and to explore a relevant cut-off s

Location

Encyclopedia entry on location as a theoretical and practical concept.