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Human radical scavenger α1-microglobulin protects against hemolysis in vitro and α1-microglobulin knockout mice exhibit a macrocytic anemia phenotype

During red blood cell (RBC) lysis hemoglobin and heme leak out of the cells and cause damage to the endothelium and nearby tissue. Protective mechanisms exist; however, these systems are not sufficient in diseases with increased extravascular hemolysis e.g. hemolytic anemia. α1-microglobulin (A1M) is a ubiquitous reductase and radical- and heme-binding protein with antioxidation properties. Althou

Fasting and Fat-Loading Tests Provide Pathophysiological Insight into Short-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency

Objective: To gain insight into the pathophysiological and clinical consequences of short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (SCADD). Study design: A retrospective study of 15 fasting and 6 fat-loading tests in 15 Dutch patients with SCADD, divided into 3 genotype groups. Metabolic and endocrinologic measurements and the biochemical characteristics of SCADD, ethylmalonic acid (EMA), an

3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency : A case report of a treatable cause of seizures

Serine deficiency disorders are a new group of neurometabolic diseases resulting from a deficiency in one of the three enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of L-serine. Deficiency of the enzyme 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3-PGDH), which catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic pathway, leads to congenital microcephaly, severe psychomotor retardation, and intractable seizures. We report a

Musculoskeletal manifestations of lysosomal storage disorders

Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), a heterogeneous group of inborn metabolic disorders, are far more common than most doctors presume. Although patients with a severe LSD subtype are often readily diagnosed, the more attenuated subtypes are frequently missed or diagnosis is significantly delayed. The presenting manifestations often involve the bones and/or joints and therefore these patients are

Vitamin K deficiency bleeding in cholestatic infants with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

Objective: Exclusively breastfed infants with unrecognised cholestatic jaundice are at high risk of a vitamin K deficiency (VKD) bleeding. It is presently unknown whether (the size of) this risk depends on the degree of cholestasis. Since alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD) induces a variable degree of cholestasis, we assessed the risk of VKD bleeding in infants with cholestatic jaundice due to

Novel mutations in 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) are distributed throughout the protein and result in altered enzyme kinetics

Three-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3- PGDH) deficiency is a rare recessive inborn error in the biosynthesis of the amino acid L-serine characterized clinically by congenital microcephaly, psychomotor retardation, and intractable seizures. The biochemical abnormalities associated with this disorder are low concentrations of L-serine, D-serine, and glycine in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Only two m

Phenylalanine tolerance can already reliably be assessed at the age of 2 years in patients with PKU

Background: The clinical severity of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency is usually defined by either pre-treatment phenylalanine (Phe) concentration or Phe tolerance at 5 years of age. So far, little is known about the course of Phe tolerance or the ability of both pre-treatment Phe and Phe tolerance at early age to predict Phe tolerance at later age. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate

A Survey of Natural Protein Intake in Dutch Phenylketonuria Patients : Insight into Estimation or Measurement of Dietary Intake

This study investigated which methods patients and parents used to determine phenylalanine (Phe) intake and the relationship between the methods applied, age, and blood Phe concentration, as this practice had not been studied before in relation to metabolic control. A questionnaire was sent to 327 Dutch phenylketonuria patients (age 0-29 years) to investigate the method used to determine Phe intak

Yield of additional metabolic studies in neurodevelopmental disorders

The timing and yield of metabolic studies for patients with neurodevelopmental disorders is a matter of continuing debate. We determined the yield of additional or repeated metabolic studies in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. Patients referred to a tertiary diagnostic center for patients with unexplained neurodevelopmental disorders were included. Initial metabolic studies had been per

Two mass-spectrometric techniques for quantifying serine enantiomers and glycine in cerebrospinal fluid : Potential confounders and age-dependent ranges

BACKGROUND: The recent discovery and specific functions of D-amino acids in humans are bound to lead to the revelation of D-amino acid abnormalities in human disorders. Therefore, high-throughput analysis techniques are warranted to determine D-amino acids in biological fluids in a routine laboratory setting. METHODS: We developed 2 chromatographic techniques, a nonchiral derivatization with chira

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- In certain inborn errors of metabolism, an allogeneic stem cell transplantation is able to prevent disease progression. - This is only possible when the stem cell transplantation (SCT) is performed early in life, before cerebral involvement has occurred. - In addition to bone marrow and peripheral blood, unrelated umbilical cord blood appears to be an effective stem cell source as well. - There

Prevention of vitamin k deficiency bleeding in breastfed infants : lessons from the dutch and danish biliary atresia registries

OBJECTIVE. Newborns routinely receive vitamin K to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding. The efficacy of oral vitamin K administration may be compromised in infants with unrecognized cholestasis. We aimed to compare the risk of vitamin K deficiency bleeding under different propylactic regimens in infants with biliary atresia. PATIENTS AND METHODS. From Dutch and Danish national biliary atresia re

The Clinical Outcome of Hurler Syndrome after Stem Cell Transplantation

Hurler syndrome (HS) is a severe inborn error of metabolism causing progressive multi-system morbidity and death in early childhood. At present, stem cell transplantation (SCT) is the only available treatment that can prevent central nervous system disease progression in HS patients. Although SCT has been shown to be effective for several important clinical outcome parameters, the reported clinica

Cerebrospinal fluid d-serine and glycine concentrations are unaltered and unaffected by olanzapine therapy in male schizophrenic patients

N-Methyl d-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor hypofunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and d-serine and glycine add-on therapy to antipsychotics has shown beneficial effects in schizophrenic patients. Nevertheless, previous studies have not shown consistently altered d-serine concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of schizophrenic patients. To confirm and extend these r

Serine, glycine, and threonine

Amino acids are not only indispensable for protein synthesis but also play important cellular functions. In this chapter, the central nervous system (CNS) functions of serine, glycine, and threonine are discussed. Both the specific functions of the aforementioned amino acids and the functions of their derivatives are reviewed in relation to brain development and neurotransmission. In particular, f

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Menkes disease is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by neurological deterioration, failure to thrive, peculiar hair and death in childhood, secondary to mutations in the ATP7A gene. The ATP7A gene encodes for a copper transporting P-type ATPase (ATP7A), which is ubiquitously expressed. A defect of the ATP7A protein leads to both a reduced transport of copper from the intestine into the

Cranial ultrasound in metabolic disorders presenting in the neonatal period : Characteristic features and comparison with MR imaging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Brain imaging is an integral part of the diagnostic work-up for metabolic disorders, and the bedside availability of cranial ultrasonography (cUS) allows very early brain imaging in symptomatic neonates. Our aim was to investigate the role and range of abnormalities seen on cUS in neonates presenting with metabolic disorders. A secondary aim, when possible, was to address t