The combustion engine, a well-known source of aerosols, has seen remarkable improvements regarding efficiency and emissions. A drawback of the conventional compression ignition (CI) engine is its requirement for a high cetane number fuel, i.e. diesel which contains long carbon chains forming particulate matter (PM) when combusted in the conventional diesel combustion (CDC) process. A previous stud

Many cities have set ambitious goals regarding the production of renewables within cities using advanced energy planning. The crux of those ambitious plans and goals is to put them into action using different legislative instruments, like a zoning plan. In this article, the experiences of an action research project with the aim to support local urban planners developing a zoning plan that creates

The testing method proposed in the Cleanroom methodology is Statistical Usage Testing. This testing technique is based on that the test cases represent theoperational profile. The failure data from testing is then used in a software reliability model to certify the reliability of the software. This paper introduces a new model for modelling the usage of the system, i.e. the operational profile. It

Requirements engineering and software reliability engineering both involve model building related to the usage of the intended system; requirements models and test case models respectively are built. Use case modelling for requirements engineering and operational profile testing for software reliability engineering are techniques which are evolving into software engineering practice. Approaches to

Reviews are essential for defect detection and they provide an opportunity to control the software development process. This paper focuses upon methods for estimating the defect content after a review and hence to provide support for process control. Two new estimation methods are introduced as the assumptions of the existing statistical methods are not fulfilled. The new methods are compared with

It is of paramount importance that software reliability requirements not only can be formulated, but also enforced and evaluated before accepting a software product for release. This requires sound acceptance criteria for software, which implies that methods for evaluating the software reliability are needed during the testing phase. Thus, theoretical models which are practically applicable are ne

A methodology for developing software intensive systems denoted Cleanroom Software Engineering is presented. The methodology has been developed at IBM and Software Engineering Technology (SET) in the USA, and is currently being adapted and applied to the field of telecommunications by Q-Labs.The main objective of Cleanroom is to introduce a set of management and engineering techniques which shall

Understandability of the current system is a key issue in most reengineering processes. An architecture description of the system may increase its understandability. This paper presents experiences from architectural design recovery in a product family of large distributed, embedded systems. Automated recovery tools were hard to apply due to the nature of the source code. A qualitative evaluation

There are several suggestions regarding the definition of the term software architecture. Yet discussions concerning the subject are ambiguous. This leads to unclear discussions and slow scientific progress. This paper suggests a coherent set of properties a Taxonomy of Orthogonal Properties of Software Architecture (TOPSA) that enables more precise communication within the software architecture d

Background: There is an ongoing discussion on whether routinely patch testing with p-phenylenediamine (PPD) 1.0% pet. is safe, owing to the risk of patch test sensitization. Late-appearing patch test reactions may reflect patch test sensitization, but may also be attributable to a low degree of pre-existing sensitization. Objectives: To follow the positive patch test reactions to PPD and its salt

Aim: Fentanyl pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are lacking in preterm infants. Our aim was to study these and their relation with a new formulation of fentanyl 5 μg/mL for procedural pain. Methods: Preterm infants were given 0.5 (n = 20, median gestational age 26.5; range 23.3–34.1 weeks) and 2 μg/kg (n = 8, 27.4; 25.3–30.7 weeks) fentanyl, respectively, before skin-breaking procedures or tra

Background: The accessibility of public facilities for all is an issue increasingly gaining focus in policy debates, especially regarding the ageing population. Objective: This paper describes a psychometric approach to the development of a new instrument for assessing the accessibility of public entrances. Methods: Items to include were selected by means of literature review and classified accor

Widespread species often show extensive phenotypic variation due to the contrasting abi-otic and biotic factors that shape selective pressures in different environments. In this context, the gradual and predictable patterns of variation in climatic and environmental conditions found in mountain areas offer a great opportunity to explore intraspecific phenotypic variation. For instance, temperature

BACKGROUND: People of Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asians(SA) ethnic minorities living in Europe have higher risk of stroke than native Europeans(EU). Study objective is to provide an assessment of gender specific absolute differences in office systolic(SBP) and diastolic(DBP) blood pressure(BP) levels between SSA, SA, and EU.METHODS AND FINDINGS: We performed a systematic review and meta-an

Aims: Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is considered a potential clinical approach to reduce myocardial infarct size and ameliorate adverse post-infarct left ventricular (LV) remodeling, however the mechanisms are unknown. The aim was to clarify the impact of RIC on Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1)/ErbBs expression, inflammation and LV hemodynamic function. Methods and results: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were

Biological design is able to achieve remarkable functionality, resilience and adaptability without relying on centralized coordination or resource-intense materials. Agent based construction seeks to emulate these advantages, but the two common approaches - swarm robotics and fully virtual agent simulations - are held back by limitations that are difficult to overcome in isolation. Here we demonst

High-fidelity qubit initialization is of significance for efficient error correction in fault tolerant quantum algorithms. Combining two best worlds, speed and robustness, to achieve high-fidelity state preparation and manipulation is challenging in quantum systems, where qubits are closely spaced in frequency. Motivated by the concept of shortcut to adiabaticity, we theoretically propose the shor

The MAX IV Laboratory is a synchrotron radiation user facility located just outside the city of Lund, Sweden. The facility is made up of two storage rings, at 3 GeV and 1.5 GeV, respectively, and a linear accelerator, serving as a full-energy injector for the rings as well as a driver for the Short-Pulse Facility (SPF) located downstream of the extraction point to the 3 GeV ring. Recently, as part

In this work, we studied influence of post thermal annealing on the performance and charge photogeneration processes of PffBT4T-2OD/PC 71 BM solar cells. As-prepared device exhibits a high-power conversion efficiency of 9.5%, much higher than that after thermal annealing. To understand this phenomenon, we studied charge photogeneration processes in these solar cells by means of time resolved spe