Photosynthetic electron transport is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process – photosynthetic phosphorylation – proceeds by several alternative electron-transport pathways in isolated chloroplasts. The question: ‘Which of these works in real life?’ has long occupied students of photosynthesis. Recent results from structural biology and genomics suggest that the answer is ‘All of them’. The interpla

The Mediterranean peninsulas constitute important areas for endemism and intraspecific variation, and are likely places for cryptic biodiversity. We assessed the phylogeographic pattern of field voles ( Microtus agrestis) in southern and central Europe by sequence analysis of a 385-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in 74 specimens from 44 localities. The majority of samples consis

We have tested the importance of genetic variation in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIB in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) for survival after challenge with a highly virulent bacterial pathogen. Forty juvenile full siblings from each of 120 families were infected with the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida, which causes high mortality in salmon due to furunculosis. Fishes from high-r

We present a novel method for tracking multiple objects in video captured by a non-stationary camera. For low quality video, RANSAC estimation fails when the number of good matches shrinks below the minimum required to estimate the motion model. This paper extends RANSAC in the following ways: (a) Allowing multiple models of different complexity to be chosen at random; (b) Introducing a conditiona

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis may be at least in part due to the increased apoptosis of osteocytes. To study the role of osteocyte apoptosis in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, we isolated primary osteocytes from murine calvaria for the analysis of the effects of dexamethasone in in vitro culture. The cells were identified by morphology, cytochemical staining, immunocytochemical staining

Edge diffraction call be a major source of high radar visibility for integrated array antennas. In this paper, it is shown that tapered resistive sheets at the edges of the array can be used to transform the scattering properties of the antenna to that of a metallic plate and hence reduce the radar cross section. Numerical examples of kill array of self-complementary patches and a, bandpass freque

The present study sets out to investigate the sensitivity of water availability to climate change for a large western Himalayan river (the Satluj River basin with an area of 22 275 km(2) and elevation range of 500 to 7000 m), which receives contributions from rain, snow and glacier melt runoff. About 65% of the basin area is covered with snow during winter, which reduces to about 11% after the abl

Postmitotic neurons were generated from the human NT-2 teratocarcinoma cell line in a novel rapid differentiation procedure. These neurons were used to establish an in vitro assay system that allows the investigation of hypoxic/ischaemic cell damage and the development of neuroprotective strategies. In experiments of simulated ischaemia, the neurons were subjected to anoxia and hypoglycaemia. The

The synthesis of the components of the dynamic supramolecular hydrogen-bonded catalytic system 2 + 3 is described. The catalytic performance and substrate- and enantioselectivity of Mn(salen) catalyst 2 were investigated in the presence and absence of the Zn(porphyrin) receptor unit 3. The effects of pyridine and pyridine N-oxide donor ligands were also studied. Some aspects on the mechanism of th

The effects of extracts from five cultivars of strawberries on the proliferation of colon cancer cells HT29 and breast cancer cells MCF-7 were investigated, and possible correlations with the levels of several antioxidants were analyzed. In addition, the effects of organic cultivation compared to conventional cultivation on the content of antioxidants in the strawberries and strawberry extracts on

The present study assessed the linguistic and content validity of the Swedish version of the 39-item Parkinson's disease questionnaire (PDQ-39). The frame question, response alternatives and two of the 39 items yielded substantial linguistic and stylistic problems. Such shortcomings would be expected to influence responses to, and the quality of, the whole questionnaire. Data support content valid

In the process of producing ethanol from lignocellulosic materials, compounds inhibitory to enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation are generated during the pretreatment of the wood. In an industrial process, these compounds will accumulate due to the recirculation of process streams. The inhibitory effects of the accumulation of volatile and nonvolatile compounds released during stream pretreatment

Familial breast-ovarian cancer has been demonstrated to be frequent but unevenly distributed in Norway. This was assumed to be caused by the reduced population size created by the medieval Bubonic plague, 25 generations ago, and by the following rapid expansion. We have previously reported that four mutations account for 68% of the BRCA1 mutation carriers. Subsequent analysis has resulted in a tot

Benzodiazepines, which are widely used clinically for relief of anxiety and for sedation, are thought to enhance synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system by increasing the open probability of chloride channels activated by the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Here we show that the benzodiazepine diazepam can also increase the conductance of GABAA channels activa

The mutational mechanism underlying the striking diversity in MHC (major histocompatibility complex) genes in vertebrates is still controversial. In order to evaluate the role of inter- and intragenic recombination in MHC gene diversification, we examined patterns of nucleotide polymorphism across an exon/intron boundary in a sample of 31 MHC class IIB sequences of three-spined stickleback (Gaster

Identification and characterization of membrane proteins is of increasing importance in modern proteomic studies. It is of central interest to have access to methods that combine efficient solubilization with enrichment of proteins and intact protein complexes. Separation methods have been developed based on nondenaturing detergent extraction of yeast mitochondrial membrane proteins followed by en