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FGF4 and retinoic acid direct differentiation of hESCs into PDX1-expressing foregut endoderm in a time- and concentration-dependent manner.

BACKGROUND: Retinoic acid (RA) and fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) signaling control endoderm patterning and pancreas induction/expansion. Based on these findings, RA and FGFs, excluding FGF4, have frequently been used in differentiation protocols to direct differentiation of hESCs into endodermal and pancreatic cell types. In vivo, these signaling pathways act in a temporal and concentration-de

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Analytical sociology seeks to explain complex social processes by carefully dissecting them and then bringing into focus their most important constituent components. It is through dissection and analytical abstractions that the important cogs and wheels of social processes are made visible and intelligible. By identifying some common features between Tocqueville's Democracy in America and contempo

Flexible multi electrode brain-machine interface for recording in the cerebellum.

A new type of chip based microelectrode for acute electrophysiological recordings in the CNS has been developed. It's designed to be adaptable to a multitude of specific neuronal environments, in this study the cerebellar cortex of rat and cat. Photolithographically patternened SU-8 is used to yield flexible and biocompatible penetrating shanks with gold leads. Electrodes with an impedance of abou

Normalization of Illumina Infinium whole-genome SNP data improves copy number estimates and allelic intensity ratios.

BACKGROUND: Illumina Infinium whole genome genotyping (WGG) arrays are increasingly being applied in cancer genomics to study gene copy number alterations and allele-specific aberrations such as loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH). Methods developed for normalization of WGG arrays have mostly focused on diploid, normal samples. However, for cancer samples genomic aberrations may confound normalization an

Delayed neuromotor recovery and increased memory acquisition dysfunction following experimental brain trauma in mice lacking the DNA repair gene XPA.

Object: This study investigates the outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice lacking the essential DNA repair gene xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA). As damage to DNA has been implicated in neuronal cell death in various models, the authors sought to elucidate whether the absence of an essential DNA repair factor would affect the outcome of TBI in an experimental setting. Methods: Th

Fluorescence Lidar Monitoring of Vegetation Status

Remote laser-induced fluorescence monitoring can complement passive reflectance measurements on vegetation. Vegetation classification and status assessment is normally performed by air- or spaceborne multi-spectral scanners. An increased research activity in the field of vegetation monitoring is motivated by the abundant stressed forests of Europe. We have used a mobile lidar system for remote stu