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Pupil Diameter during Counting Tasks as Potential Baseline for Virtual Reality Experiments

Pupil diameter is a reliable indicator of mental effort, but it must be baseline corrected to account for its idiosyncratic nature. Established methods for measuring baselines cannot be applied in virtual reality (VR) experiments. To reliably measure a pupil diameter baseline in VR, we propose a short testing environment of visual arithmetic tasks. In an experiment with 66 university students, we

The impact of presentation modes on mental rotation processing : a comparative analysis of eye movements and performance

Mental rotation is the ability to rotate mental representations of objects in space. Shepard and Metzler’s shape-matching tasks, frequently used to test mental rotation, involve presenting pictorial representations of 3D objects. This stimulus material has raised questions regarding the ecological validity of the test for mental rotation with actual visual 3D objects. To systematically investigate

Detecting Teacher Expertise in an Immersive VR Classroom : Leveraging Fused Sensor Data with Explainable Machine Learning Models

Currently, VR technology is increasingly being used in applications to enable immersive yet controlled research settings. One such area of research is expertise assessment, where novel technological approaches to collecting process data, specifically eye tracking, in combination with explainable models, can provide insights into assessing and training novices, as well as fostering expertise develo

Exploiting object-of-interest information to understand attention in VR classrooms

Recent developments in computer graphics and hardware technology enable easy access to virtual reality headsets along with integrated eye trackers, leading to mass usage of such devices. The immersive experience provided by virtual reality and the possibility to control environmental factors in virtual setups may soon help to create realistic digital alternatives to conventional classrooms. The im

The impact of a usefulness intervention on students’ learning achievement in a virtual biology lesson : An eye-tracking-based approach

Background: Studies have shown that the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) can be improved by using learning prompts (e.g., summary prompts, pretraining, and priming). However, less is known about how such learning prompts affect students’ processing of the learning content within the virtual learning environment. Aims: This study aimed to shed light on students’ processing of learning content

Learning with simulated virtual classmates : Effects of social-related configurations on students’ visual attention and learning experiences in an immersive virtual reality classroom

Immersive virtual reality (IVR) provides great potential to experimentally investigate effects of peers on student learning in class and to strategically deploy virtual peer learners to improve learning. The present study examined how three social-related classroom configurations (i.e., students' position in the classroom, visualization style of virtual avatars, and virtual classmates' performance

Global assessment of vegetation patterns along topographic gradients

The complex topography in mountainous regions, exemplified by factors like slope aspect, leads to noticeable variations in vegetation patterns, which are fundamental for understanding mountain ecosystems. However, a consistent global-scale quantification of topography's influence on vegetation patterns is still lacking. Here, we utilize two phenological metrics as proxies for vegetation-maximum ve

Model-based Analysis of Individual Atrioventricular Node Conduction Dynamics During Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in the world, leading to a significant burden to patients and the healthcare system. It is characterised by rapid and irregular atrial contractions stemming from disorganised electrical activity in the atria. The atrioventricular (AV) node regulates heart rate during AF by filtering electrical impulses from the atria.However, for persistent AF

Drought risk in Moldova under global warming and possible crop adaptation strategies

This study analyzes the relationship between drought processes and crop yields in Moldova, together with the effects of possible future climate change on crops. The severity of drought is analyzed over time in Moldova using the Standard Precipitation Index, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, and their relationship with crop yields. In addition, rainfall variability and its re

Optimization of tools for monitoring, evaluating, and treating inflammatory conditions of the bowel

Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two main types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The prevalence of these conditions is approximately 0.7%. With the advent of new treatments and improved management algorithms throughout the last century, the mortality rates associated with these conditions have decreased steeply. However, IBD is still a major cause of lifetime morbidity.

Gendered Disinformation

This chapter sets the stage for examining gendered disinformation within feminist foreign policy analysis. It traces the rise of gendered disinformation as a security threat, emphasising the transformative impact of digital technologies and social media on the dissemination and logic of disinformation strategies. The chapter explores how authoritarian regimes and actors use gendered disinformation

A Trust Establishment and Key Management Architecture for Hospital-at-Home

The landscape of healthcare is experiencing a digitalization shift, transferring many medical activities to the patients’ homes, a phenomenon commonly referred to as Hospital-at-Home. While Internet of Things (IoT) devices facilitate the building of such systems, there is a need for powerful middleware that encapsulates device-to-device communication, and enables the construction of user-friendly,

Usability and feasibility of an online intervention for older adults to support changes to routines and the home ('Light, activity and sleep in my daily life')

Background: Indoor lighting, exposure to outdoor daylight, physical activity and sleep interact to influence functioning, mood and cicadian rhythm. Older adults (≥ 65 years), who often spend more time at home, are less physically active and experience more sleep problems, could benefit from strategies to support behavioural change and self-managed modifications in the home. The study’s primary objBackgroundIndoor lighting, exposure to outdoor daylight, physical activity and sleep interact to influence functioning, mood and cicadian rhythm. Older adults (≥ 65 years), who often spend more time at home, are less physically active and experience more sleep problems, could benefit from strategies to support behavioural change and self-managed modifications in the home. The study’s primary objec

Tensor decomposition of EEG signals for transfer learning applications

We address the recognized person-to-person Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) calibration problem and tackle session-dependency through the use of unsupervised canonical polyadic (CP) tensor decomposition. For a motor imagery task, the approach reveals universal structures within EEG data, common between subjects and prominent for a certain task. Further, we develop a novel similarity measure that inc

Towards Declarative Specification of Static Analysis for Programming Tools

Static program analysis plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality and security of software applications by detecting bugs and potential vulnerabilities in the code. Traditionally, these analyses are performed offline, either as part of the continuous integration/continuous deployment pipeline or overnight on the entire repository. However, this delayed feedback disrupts developer productivity,

Prediagnostic blood biomarkers for pancreatic cancer : meta-analysis

Pancreatic cancer is often detected at a late stage and usually leads to significant morbidity and deaths1. The 5-year survival rate for those with pancreatic cancer detected at a resectable stage is 25%, compared with a 5-year survival rate of 3% for those with pancreatic cancer that is not resectable2–4. Some 20% of patients have resectable disease at the time of diagnosis, underscoring the nece

Effective interventions in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Lifestyle choices, metformin, and dietary supplements may prevent GDM, but the effect of intervention characteristics has not been identified. This review evaluated intervention characteristics to inform the implementation of GDM prevention interventions. Methods: Ovid, MEDLINE/PubMed, and EMBASE databases were searched. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR

Groundwater modelling for decision-support in practice: Insights from Sweden

Groundwater is an essential resource for drinking water, food production, and industrial applications worldwide. Over-exploitation and pollution pose significant risks to groundwater sustainability. Groundwater models can be powerful tools for optimizing use, managing risks, and aiding decision making. For this purpose, models should assimilate pertinent data and quantify uncertainties in outcomes