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The Participation Paradox in the Politics of AI

AI systems are increasingly being used to shift decisions made by humans over to automated systems, potentially limiting the space for democratic participation. The risk that AI erodes democracy is exacerbated where most people are excluded from the ownership and production of AI technologies that will impact them.AI learns through datasets but, very often, that data excludes key parts of the popu

'I Must Be from Somewhere. I'm Not from the Moon': Navigating the Politics of Labelling for Stateless Palestinian Refugees from Syria

This article explores the relationship between statelessness and refugeeness over time and space. It does so by drawing on how Palestinian refugees from Syria in Sweden navigate the various stateless and refugee labels imposed upon them before, during and after their flight from Syria to Sweden. Standpoint theory was deployed as the basis for understanding how this group of stateless refugees rela

Qualitative Field Study of Host Community/Refugee from Syria Relations in Croatia, Germany, Jordan and Sweden : FOCUS Research Project Deliverable 4.2

The FOCUS project is undertaking a range of research and piloting tasks which aim to improve understanding of dynamic integration and to assist the implementation of effective practices. As part of this work a detailed programme of qualitative research has been undertaken in four countries. This report presents the country-specific findings of this research, which will be further consolidated in a

Creative Work and Public Policy

In post-industrial society, creativity has become a universal remedy for a range of societal challenges. Policymakers increasingly design policies where the notion of creativity is central. This chapter takes a closer look at how policymakers seek to facilitate creative work, and why policy related to creative work assumes the form it does. The chapter draws empirically from a longitudinal study o

Antibiotic prophylaxis and post-procedure infectious complications in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with peroral cholangioscopy

Background and study aims Single-operator peroral cholangioscopy (SOC) has gained increasing attention in modern biliary and pancreatic therapy and diagnosis. This procedure has shown higher rates of infectious complications than conventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); therefore, many guidelines recommend antibiotic prophylaxis (AP). However, whether AP administration d

Revised OSL chronology of the Kisiljevo loess-palaeosol sequence : New insight into the dust flux in the eastern Carpathian Basin during MIS 3 - MIS1

This study presents a detailed investigation of the Kisiljevo loess-palaeosol sequence in north-eastern Serbia, offering a refined understanding of its paleoenvironmental dynamics. Contrasting our updated OSL chronology with a previous study, reveals discrepancies, particularly at 400 cm depth, where a considerable age underestimation is evident. While variations in sampling depth and methodology

Room-Temperature Single-Mode Plasmonic Perovskite Nanolasers with Sub-Picosecond Pulses

With the explosive growth of communication traffic, increasing the modulation bandwidth of semiconductor lasers has attracted significant attention. However, after rapid progress is achieved, further increasing the modulation bandwidth of semiconductor lasers is hampered by the slow charge-carrier dynamics. Here, a room temperature, single-mode perovskite nanolaser with sub-picosecond pulses, enab

Excessive pricing during the COVID-19 crisis in the EU - An empirical inquiry

The COVID-19 crisis noted many reports of dramatic price increases of essential items such as face masks, hand sanitisers and disinfectants. Already in March 2020 the Competition Authorities in Europe, by way of a joint statement by European Competition Network and individual public announcements, cautioned against price gouging practices and re-affirmed their commitment to pursue such practices v

Towards Fair Pricing of Medicines? Lessons from the European Commission's Aspen Decision

Excessive pharmaceutical pricing cases in EU have progressed from a theoretical possibility to becoming a recurrent enforcement reality, following heightened law and policy attention on affordability of medicines. This matter gained considerable momentum in the wake of COVID-19 crisis as result of the increased health spending, with debates on affordability raging at WTO and WIPO levels. Unfair pr

The Limits of Control – Competition law versus Sector Regulation in the wake of the European Commission Excessive Pricing Decision in Aspen

Despite being heavily regulated, the pharmaceutical sector in Europe has in recent years noted many enforcement decisions against excessive pharmaceutical pricing as an anti-competitive practice under Article 102(a) TFEU. Although described as a ‘rarity’ in competition law in most parts of the doctrine, numerous excessive pricing cases have emerged in Italy, UK, Denmark, and the Netherlands in rec

Beyond Justice versus Efficiency – Reconciling Law and Economics approaches to Fairness

Recent years have seen the dominance of neoclassical, marginalist and welfarist schools of Competition Law and Economics being challenged more vigorously than ever [See two major collecting works on fairness in economics in: Fennell and McAdams (2013) and Cappelen and Tungodden (2019)]. Although the core assumptions of the neoclassical school regarding overt reliance on rationality and efficiency

Temporary dominance and excessive pharmaceutical pricing - CD Pharma (Denmark)

On 31 January 2018, the Danish Competition and Consumer Authority adopted a decision that found the Swedish company CD Pharma, a generic distributor, to be in breach of Article 102(a) TFEU due to having abused its dominant position and imposed excessive and unfair prices for the drug Syntocinon. The company had increased the price of the drug by 2000% on the Danish market in the period April 2014-On 31 January 2018, the Danish Competition and Consumer Authority adopted a decision that found the Swedish company CD Pharma, a generic distributor, to be in breach of Article 102(a) TFEU due to having abused its dominant position and imposed excessive and unfair prices for the drug Syntocinon. The company had increased the price of the drug by 2000% on the Danish market in the period April 2014-

The Role of Judicial Associations in Resisting Rule of Law Backsliding : Hidden Pathways of Protecting Judicial Independence Amidst Rule of Law Decay

Both Hungary and Poland have been in the spotlight regarding their democratic backsliding, with Executives exerting control over supposedly independent pillars of democracy, such as courts or the media. While the concerns about these countries also voiced by leaders of European institutions were similar, the resistance against the systematic erosion of judicial independence comes in different form

Hidden rule of law discontinuities : A theoretical framework for studying rule of law backsliding

This introduction develops a theoretical framework for understanding authoritarian backsliding against the backdrop of existing historical and European socio-legal scholarship. It introduces a number of key distinctions to better understand socio-legal variance among autocratisation. Specifically, it highlights the distinction between authoritarian backsliding and complete breakdown of judicial in

What Makes a Price (un)Fair? Excessive Pharmaceutical Pricing in European Competition Law

Prohibition of excessive pricing belongs to one of the oldest legal constructs in human history. The historical roots and the near-universal codification of the concept of excessive pricing has however not mitigated the contentious quarrel alongside seemingly unreconcilable legal-economic positions. Positions ranging from those denying the very existence of excessive pricing, let alone endorsing e