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Study of the sequential constraint-handling technique for evolutionary optimization with application to structural problems

Engineering design problems are most frequently charac-terized by constraints that make them hard to solve and time-consuming. When evolutionary algorithms are used to solve these problems, constraints are often handled with the generic weighted sum method or with techniques specific to the prob-lem at hand. Most commonly, all constraints are evaluated at each generation, and it is also necessary

Value and Risk: Enterprise Risk Management in Statoil

In Statoil, understanding and managing risk is today considered a core value. This principle has been duly integrated in the organization, and is inscribed in steering documents as well as in a booklet handed out to all employees, describing core values, corporate governance, the operating model and corporate policies. The company has developed a sophisticated approach to ERM that centers on the p

Challenges to knowledge sharing across national and intra-organizational boundaries : Case studies of IKEA and SCA Packaging

The aim of this article is to increase the understanding of how institutional forces and organizational context, in parallel with cognitive issues, impact knowledge sharing within multinational corporations (MNCs). Furthermore, the aim is to elaborate on differences between industries by comparing and contrasting a retail firm with a manufacturing firm. The focus is on IKEA and SCA Packaging and t

Poly(ethylene glycol)-containing supports for solid-phase synthesis of peptides and combinatorial organic libraries.

The choice of a polymeric support is a key factor for the success of solid-phase methods for syntheses of organic compounds and biomolecules such as peptides and oligonucleotides. Classical Merrifield solid-phase peptide synthesis, performed on low cross-linked hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) beads, sometimes suffers from sequence-dependent coupling difficulties. The concept of incorporating PEG into

The Body as Gift, Resource, and Commodity : Exchanging Organs, Tissues, and Cells in the 21st Century

Departing from three metaphors—the body as gift, resource, and commodity—the book explores the contemporary exchange of organs, tissues, and cells. Although the gift is the sanctioned metaphor for donating parts of the body, the underlying perspective from the side of states, authorities, and the medical establishment often seems to be that the body shall be understood as a resource. But medicine,

Diversity of thermostable DNA enzymes from Icelandic hot springs

The diversities of bacteria as well as thermostable DNA enzymes in Icelandic hot springs were studied using different techniques. First of all the bacterial diversity of different microbial mats as well as sediment samples was described by using both molecular methods and cultivation methods. The molecular methods showed a low level of diversity and it was apparently lower as the environment becam