To gain entry into target cells, HIV-1 binds to CD4 via the viral glycoprotein gp120. This interac-tion initiates a series of events including binding of a coreceptor, CCR5 and/or CXCR4, and ulti-mately leads to gp41-mediated fusion of the viral and cell membranes. CCR5-restricted (R5) vi-ruses predominate in early, asymptomatic stages of the infection. Emergence of viruses able to use CXCR4 inste

A polygonal finite-element formulation is applied to solve electromechanically coupled inhomogeneous boundary value problems for polycrystalline materials. Each grain is discretised by one single polygonal finite element, which allows the efficient simulation of general boundary value problems which still resolves individual grains in space. The constitutive model proposed for switching in piezoce

Software development companies operating in market-driven domains need to deliver new and appealing software products at an increasing rate in order to stay competitive. This requires fast and efficient development of software for which the requirements are based on ever-changing market demands. Agile development claims to achieve increased development efficiency by performing the requirements eng

Laurentia, the core of Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Nuna, has remained largely intact since assembly 2.0 to 1.8 billion years ago [Ga]. For earlier times, previous paleomagnetic data on poorly dated Paleoproterozoic mafic intrusions yielded ambiguous estimates of the amount of separation between key cratons within Nuna such as the Slave and Superior. Recent developments in paleomagneti

Wild dabbling ducks (genus Anas) are the main reservoir for influenza A virus (IAV) in the Northern Hemisphere. Current understanding of disease dynamics and epidemiology in this virus-host system has primarily been based on population-level surveillance studies and infection experiments conducted in laboratory settings. Using a combined experimental-natural approach with wild-strain captive malla

This thesis aimed to search for etiological clues about cancer of unknown primary(CUP) by gathering novel information. The Swedish national registries were used and CUP cases were identified according to the seventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases. A consistent increase before the late 1990s and a dramatic decrease afterwards were observed for CUP incidence among Swedes,re

We consider the problem of gray-box identification of dynamic models for mechanical systems. In particular, the problem is approached by means of continuous-time system identification using subspace-based methods based on discrete-time input-output identification data. A method is developed, with the property that the structure of the model resulting from fundamental physical first principles is o

The Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) is an ongoing longitudinal twin study targeting all twins born in Sweden since July 1, 1992. Since 2004, parents of twins are interviewed regarding the children's somatic and mental health and social environment in connection with their 9th or 12th birthdays (CATSS-9/12). By January 2010, 8,610 parental interviews concerning 17,220 twins had be

The paper seeks to advance our understanding of the extent to which the use of economic incentives can undermine ("crowd out") or reinforce ("crowd in") people's intrinsic motivations to engage in biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. We first synthesize and classify the psychological mechanisms behind motivation crowding effects. Then we conduct a systematic review of empirical studies that te

Recension av Axel Odelberg: Med kungen som verktyg. Historien om försvarsstriden, borggårdskrisen och Sven Hedin.

The Swedish government has a stated objective of developing the recreational fishing industry, not least with respect to employment opportunities in rural areas. This paper analyzes the possibilities for governmental policies to enhance the development. After asking companies what obstacles they view as problematic for running their business, four challenges are analyzed; lack of fish, lack of lar

Stroma properties affect carcinoma physiology and direct malignant cell development. Here we present data showing that alpha(V)beta(3) expressed by stromal cells is involved in the control of interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), extracellular volume (ECV) and collagen scaffold architecture in experimental murine carcinoma. IFP was elevated and ECV lowered in syngeneic CT26 colon and LM3 mammary carc

This article categorizes all 96 known riots in Sweden between 1793 and 1869, from the perspective of the goals of the participants. Three quarters of all riots were either reactions to actions by government agents or based on a moral economy as discussed by E. P. Thompson in his classic article. Such riots, common in the provinces, were next to non-existent in Stockholm, however. In the capital, r

The humoral Idiotypic Network consisting of antibodies and their anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-Id) can be temporarily upset by antigen exposure. In the healthy immune response the original equilibrium is eventually restored through counter-regulatory mechanisms. In certain autoimmune diseases however, autoantibody levels exceed those of their respective anti-Id, indicating a permanent disturbanc

This thesis has two main objectives. The first is to analyse the potential of existing assessment tools and methods to incorporate the different dimensions of sustainability in an assessment. The second is to apply some of these tools in a case study in order to determine how forest sector can better contribute to sustainable development in Estonia. The first aim is addressed in a theoretical sect

Through physiological integration, clonal plants can support ramets in unfavourable patches, exploit heterogeneously distributed resources and distribute resources that are taken up over large areas. Physiological integration generally increases in adverse conditions, but it is not well known which factors determine the evolution of physiological integration. The aim of this study was to investiga

In this paper we give a short introduction to the use of atomic spectroscopy in plasma diagnostics. Both older works and exciting new branches of atomic physics, which have relevance to diagnostics, are discussed. In particular we focus on forbidden lines in Be-like ions, lines sensitive to magnetic fields and levels which have a lifetime dependence on the nuclear spin of the ion, i.e. f-dependent