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Cellular communication within the brain is imperative for maintaining homeostasis and mounting effective responses to pathological triggers like hypoxia. However, a comprehensive understanding of the precise composition and dynamic release of secreted molecules has remained elusive, confined primarily to investigations using isolated monocultures. To overcome these limitations, we utilized the pot

Although very few people appear to travel to the Nordic region in contexts that might accurately be described as ‘climate-related,' some Nordic states have developed bespoke legal provisions, and all have ‘exceptional grounds’ categories that may be applied when people seek to enter or remain in the context of climate change or disaster. This chapter provides a brief overview of legal provisions r

The anesthetic drug propofol is commonly used to control hypnotic depth (suppression of awareness) in patients undergoing surgery or intensive care. In addition to manual titration, a model-based open-loop feed-forward strategy called target-controlled infusion (TCI) has attained some clinical popularity. Research on closed-loop control, with awareness estimates derived from an electroencephalogra

The global COVID-19 pandemic fundamentally changed education as we know it. Globally, billions of learners at all levels were affected by months of rolling school closures and other severe pandemic restrictions to daily life. Magnifying issues of educational equity, access, and opportunity, this unprecedented global crisis forced Deans, and academic and professional staff in schools of education tThe global COVID-19 pandemic fundamentally changed education as we know it. Globally, billions of learners at all levels were affected by months of rolling school closures and other severe pandemic restrictions to daily life. Magnifying issues of educational equity, access, and opportunity, this unprecedented global crisis forced Deans, and academic and professional staff in schools of education t

Reliance on corporate and financial non-state actors in the context of migration has accelerated over the last three decades. The involvement of these actors can, under certain circumstances, bring advantages in terms of providing rapid and reliable access to private funds and professional services. It can, however, also pose crucial challenges in terms of ascertaining legal responsibility when su

Knowledge seems to mitigate the consequences of dementia and new educational strategies are required. This study aimed to qualitatively explore the reflexive views and experiences of virtual Communities of Practice (vCoP) among informal and formal caregivers of people with dementia and explore vCoP as a tool for learning and knowledge development. Data were collected in a sequence of virtual works

Phenotypic plasticity can be adaptive in fluctuating environments by providing rapid environment-phenotype matching and this applies particularly in seasonal environments. African Bicyclus butterflies have repeatedly colonized seasonal savannahs from ancestral forests around the late Miocene, and many species now exhibit seasonal polyphenism. On a macroevolutionary scale, it can be expected that s

We report on the synthesis and detailed spectroscopic characterization of bis-phenylhydrazone astaxanthin (BPH-Asx), a derivative of astaxanthin (Asx), in which the conjugated carbonyl group of Asx is replaced by a conjugated C N bond. BPH-Asx was successfully synthesized and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, revealing subtle changes in absorption spectra and significant altera

A recent workshop brought together global leaders in diabetes to assess existing approaches to disease heterogeneity and to identify research gaps, with a goal of achieving precision diabetology for all patients globally.

Price gouging of essential items, and the global debate on pricing of vaccines and treatments during the COVID-19 crisis, provide an optimal proxy to revisit the law and economics discourse on excessive pricing as an abuse of dominant position. Beyond a normative soul-searching of the efficiency v fairness debate, this chapter analyses excessive pricing cases during the COVID-19 pandemic in the EU

On 31 January 2018, the Danish Competition and Consumer Authority adopted a decision1 finding the Swedish company generic distributor CD Pharma in breach of Art. 102(a) Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) by abusing its dominant position and having imposed excessive and unfair prices for the drug Syntocinon. The company increased the price of the drug by 2000% in the period Apri

The long-running case,1 which revolved around the brightly colored, fashionable leather boots by iconic Danish designer Ilse Jacobsen, ended with the Danish and European fashion industry on the receiving end of the legal boot. The Danish Supreme Court stopped short of awarding copyright to Ilse Jacobsen as a reward for her ‘free and independent creative effort’ in regard to the design of the now i

Recentmonths have seen intensified global calls for an intellectual propertywaiver of COVID-19 related vaccines, treatments and related products.Where one side of the debate elevates Intellectual Property Rights as on obstacle to affordable and expeditious global access to vaccines and treatments, the other side of the debate points to the existing TRIPS flexibilities such as compulsory licensing,

Case C-372/19 Belgische Vereniging van Auteurs, Componisten en Uitgevers CVBA (SABAM) v Weareone.World BVBA and Wecandance NV, Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (Fifth Chamber) of 25 November 2020 The most recent excessive pricing case considered by Court of Justice of European Union (CJEU) revolved around fees imposed by a national royalty collective society (SABAM) on two Be

The issue of securing access to patented pharmaceutical products has been in the forefront of global legal debate for many years. This debate intensified further following the enactment of the TRIPSTRIPS agreement and the global enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights such as patents through the World Trade Organization. To combat the problem, compulsory licensingCompulsory licensing has been

Petrochemical production is tightly entangled with fossil fuel extraction and constitutes the primary driver of oil demand growth. Therefore, scholars have increasingly started exploring the linkages between fossil fuels and chemicals, tracing their importance for the political economy of energy transitions. A defining feature in the global petrochemical industry is that the majority of the recent