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Under 2013 utgjorde värdet av medlemsstaternas offentliga upphandling ungefär 18 procent av deras BNP, vilket gör det till ett kraftfullt verktyg att använda för att främja vissa samhällsmål. Traditionellt sett så har offentlig upphandling använts i ett protektionistiskt syfte för att skydda nationell industri från utländsk konkurrens, vilket är en bidragande faktor till att EU har valt att lagstIn 2013, approximately 18 % of member states GDP was spent on public procurement, making it a powerful tool for governments to use to further certain objectives. Traditionally, public procurement has been used for protectionist purposes to safeguard national industry from foreign competition, which is why the EU has chosen to regulate this area of law to ensure the proper functioning of the inter

Förenta Nationernas Ekonomiska Kommission för Europas Konvention om tillgång till information, allmänhetens deltagande i beslutsprocesser och tillgång till rättslig prövning i miljöfrågor (Århuskonventionen) anses vara det essentiella rättsligt bindande instrumentet för skyddet av allmänhetens miljörelaterade rättigheter. Konventionen bygger på uppfattningen att processuella rättigheter i samband The United Nation Economic Commission for Europe’s Convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making, access to justice in environmental matters (hereafter the Aarhus Convention) is considered to be the main legally binding instrument protecting the public’s environmental rights. It is based on the idea that procedural rights relating to environmental matters should cont

Detta arbete behandlar sexuella övergrepp mot barn, och det övergripande syftet med arbetet är att undersöka om sexualbrottslagstiftningen missgynnar pojkbarn. De brott som behandlas är våldtäkt mot barn, sexuellt utnyttjande av barn och sexuellt övergrepp mot barn. Arbetets utgångspunkt är våldtäktsbestämmelsen, vilken omfattar både sexuella handlingar bestående av samlag och handlingar vilka innThis work deals with sexual abuse against children, and the overall aim of this work is to investigate if the child sex crimes legislation is unfavorable to children of the male sex. The offenses covered include child rape, sexual exploitation of children and sexual abuse of children. The starting point of the work is the child rape legislation, which includes both sexual acts consisting of interc

Hur rättfärdig är icke lagen: den förbjuder såväl den rike som den fattige att sova under broarna och tigga bröd. Detta kända citat av författaren Anatole France illustrerar inledningsvis en övergripande del av mitt syfte med denna uppsats. Lagen ska i sin utformning som utgångspunkt vara generell, förutsägbar och lika för alla – ändock drabbar den oundvikligen olika (grupper) av befolkningen påThe law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal bread. This famous quotation by the author Anatole France will serve as an introduction to a major part of the scope of this essay. The law shall in its form be general, foreseeable and applied equably in regard to all citizens – despite this, the law strikes differ

The events of the Arab Spring sent a wave of revolutions, followed by the start of an early democratization process, through many countries of the Middle East and North Africa. What stood out was the extensive use of ICT, which played a crucial role during the uprisings. Tunisia, the place where it all began, is no exception to this as ICT played a key role during the uprisings of the “jasmine rev

A contentious debate has been under way for decades over whether prostitution is inherently harmful to women, or a job that can be freely chosen. This debate has become particularly heated around one subject: human trafficking for sexual purposes. In recent decades human trafficking has manifested in many forms and affected countless victims. There has also been a rise in films and other media dev

I svensk förvaltningsrätt har den generella rätten att överklaga sedan lång tid varit öppet formulerad i lag och lämnats till domstolarna att konkretisera. I praxis har talerätten gjorts beroende av indikationer i lag och förarbeten för att avgöra vilka intressenter som ska ha rätt att överklaga. Tre grunder för saklegitimation kan urskiljas. För det första är den som haft partsställning vid myndiIn Swedish administrative procedural law the right to appeal has long been regulated in a manner which has left it to the courts to decide the specifics. In practice who has the right to appeal has been determined by viewing the law in conjunction with the preparatory works established in its creation. Three different bases for standing can be identified. First and foremost the addressee of a deci

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilken roll allmänna intressen spelar i den svenska miljöprocessen. Vidare avser arbetet redogöra för de förutsättningar under vilka enskilda, organisationer och myndigheter kan företräda sådana intressen. Uppsatsen berör även vilka som beslutar i frågor som rör allmänna intressen. Då det finns en mängd allmänna intressen som kan aktualiseras i svensk rätt harThe aim of this essay is to investigate the role of public interests in Swedish environmental law. Furthermore the essay aims to explain under which circumstances individuals, organizations and government agencies may represent public interests. The essay also discusses the question of who rules in matters concerning public interests. Since a variety of different public interests may occur in Swed

This paper analyzes how the UN has implemented Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace and security in two peacebuilding missions. This is examined through a study on how the UN has worked towards gender mainstreaming and to increase women’s participation at the official and formal level of the peacebuilding in Kosovo and East Timor. This is done with a comparative two-case study based on

Studiens syfte var att undersöka betydelsen av joint engagement för tre-fyraåringars prestation på false belief-testet Maxi. Joint engagement, som beskriver upplevelsen av att dela ett objekt eller händelse med någon annan, har i tidigare studier associerats med perspektivtagande. En testsituation designades där false belief-testet administrerades i form av en film om karaktären Maxi. Ett nytt tesThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of joint engagement on three- to four year old children’s performance on the false belief-task Maxi. Joint engagement has been associated with perspective taking in previous studies and refers to the child’s and the adult’s mutual engagement in an object. The false belief-task in this study was designed as a film about the character Maxi. Another

This study explains how the escalation of the Iraq War led to a parallel civil sectarian war between Sunni and Shia insurgents during the years 2003-2006. I used the method of process-tracing and the theory Greed and Grievances. With the theory and method I could conduct the process-tracing and explain how the two independent variables opportunity and objective grievances fueled and enabled the in

The global climate change negotiations are experiencing a rescaling of international actors. Several of these actors are scientific communities that aim at providing policy recommendations based on expert knowledge for the negotiations. The literature within the science-policy nexus is applied to investigate the significance of expert communities however the literature does not target environmenta

The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate how nonviolent methods can be successfully used in struggles against repressive regimes. This is done by examining two cases of uprisings in the Arab Spring, Egypt and Tunisia. Drawing from theories on nonviolence, mainly Gene Sharp; five elements that are considered favourable for nonviolent struggles has been selected for the analysis. The methodology

The following paper examines the arguments of two leading actors: USA and Russia with regards to military intervention in Syria before and after the chemical weapons attack in the Damascus suburb Ghouta on August 21st, 2013. The purpose of the study is to identify if and in what ways the arguments changed after the attack and to identify which ideas regarding sovereignty dominated the actors’ argu

Governments around the world committed to the Responsibility to Protect principle at the World Summit in 2005. The principle declares that states have the primary responsible to protect its population from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity and that this responsibility is transferred to the international community if a state would be unable or unwilling to protect

The overarching aim of this study is to gain understanding on what major state-centric international relations-theory could best explain certain aspects on modern inter-state maritime disputes. From neorealist and neoliberalist schools of thought an operational schematic was formed as a theoretical ram to break down and explain underlying structures in instances of the empirical data-universe, whi

TITLE How Agile Workers Make Sense of Managerial Communication AUTHORS Anna Hagberg, Yang Li & Farah Khanjar SUPERVISOR Katie Sullivan DATE 23rd May 2014 PURPOSE The purpose of the research project is to contribute to agile communication theory with insights about how agile workers make sense of managerial communication. RELEVANCE Due to the rapid changes organizations in the software

Since mid-2000s, a great emphasis of the global development agenda is directed toward women and their participation in society, especially as wageworkers and political actors. Hand-in-hand with this emphasis on women’s empowerment and gender equality as the ‘solution’ for development, the involvements of private actors in the development arena have increased as well. The notion of private corporat

One of the toughest challenges for the international community is to justify military interventions in sovereign states. Echoing in terms of post-colonialism, underlying interest and power domination, military interventions must be argued for and legitimized in order to gain support from both public and institutional opinion. This is even more essential in our modern era with its rapid and unimped