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What do we gain from labeling certain norms of social organization law? This question provides the backdrop against which this chapter will examine the works of Leon Petrażycki and Eugen Ehrlich, two of the founders of legal sociology who devised concepts of law broader than state law. In the course of this examination we shall also assess the relevance of Petrażycki’s 'intuitive law' and Ehrlich’

Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase transfers sulfate to the 3-OH position of a glucosamine residue of heparan sulfate (HS) to form 3-O-sulfated HS. The 3-O-sulfated glucosamine residue contributes to two important biological functions of HS: binding to antithrombin and thereby carrying anticoagulant activity, and binding to herpes simplex viral envelope glycoprotein D to serve as an entry recept

Solceller – en miljövänlig energikälla? Miljöförstöring i form av växthusgasutsläpp är en gigantisk utmaning som mänskligheten står inför och vi måste agera NU! Solceller innebär en fantastisk möjlighet att utvinna stora mängder “ren” energi från solen. Men hur miljövänliga är egentligen solceller och är det ett effektivt alternativ i Sverige? Varje timme träffas Jorden av tillräckligt mycket eClimate change is one of the greatest environmental challenges at the present time and is currently an issue affecting the entire global population. Alternative renewable energy sources are vital to be able to deal with this challenge. Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources and is therefore also one of the fastest growing industries in this field. However, solar energy

Islamiska Staten har de senaste fem åren orsakat oerhört mycket smärta och sorg. Krigsförbrytelser, brott mot mänskligheten och folkmord ska ha begåtts i de områden rörelsen kontrollerat i Irak och Syrien. Nu när kalifatets sista fästen besegrats står det internationella samfundet inför en ny utmaning; hur och var ska de ansvariga individerna straffas? Vissa politiker har numera hävdat att en IS-tDuring the past five years, the Islamic State has been responsible for a large amount of pain and suffering. War crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide have been committed in the areas the group controlled in Iraq and Syria. Now as the Kalifate’s last strongholds have been defeated, the international community stands before a new task; how and where shall the individuals responsible be punis

Distribution patterns of resources and their role in determining species distribution are not only fundamental to the understanding of ecological patterns, but also of practical significance in conservation management. Shorebirds are experiencing precipitous declines globally, especially along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF), where the major threats include the loss and degradation of ti

Tidsberoende effekter, såsom krypning, krympning och stålrelaxation, är ofta svåra att prediktera när det kommer till förspända betongkonstruktioner. Krypning som ett fenomen är komplicerat och förenklas därför i gällande byggnormer (Eurocode), för att underlätta konstruktörens arbete. När det gäller etappvis spännarmerade betongbroar har dessa förenklingar visat sig ge felaktiga prognoser av de tLong-term effects, such as creep, shrinkage, and steel relaxation, are often difficult to predict for prestressed concrete structures. Creep as a phenomenon is complicated to describe and is therefore simplified in the current building standards, to better accommodate the designer. When dealing with segmentally constructed prestressed concrete bridges, these simplifications have shown to provide i

Outside the box. On archivists' views on objects in municipal archives Historically objects in archives and objects as "documents" have been discussed for a long time. The focus of the discussion has generally been on defining what is a document, and what is not, and later what is in turn an act and thus belongs in the archive, and what does not. An object is generally not defined a

The growing interdependence and interconnectedness of the global community set the pace and frame for the evolution of foreign policy. Diplomacy formerly being the reserve of international communication has consequently been forced to change and branch out. This essay attempts to view these changes and their context at the example of US foreign policy in Pacific Asia. Both hard power translating i

Mangroveskogens ekosystem är ett tropiskt kustsamhälle bebott av organismer anpassade till den stressfulla miljön i tidvattenszonen. Mangroveskogen har på senare år blivit erkänd för de viktiga ekosystemtjänsterna den erbjuder. Trotts detta hotas den av mänskliga aktiviteter, och en tredjedel av världens naturliga mangroveskog uppskattas redan ha gått förlorad. Ansträngningar har gjorts för att beThe mangrove ecosystem is a tropical coastal community inhabited by organisms adapted to the stressful environment of the tidal zone. Mangrove ecosystems has in recent years been noted for the important ecosystem services they offer. Still, they are threatened by anthropogenic activities and it has been estimated that a third of the world’s natural mangrove cover has already been lost. Efforts hav

Hur har föroreningar förändrats över tiden i nordligaste delen av Sverige? Om höga halter tungmetaller finns, vilka kan vara orsakerna till dessa? En resa från södra Skåne till norra Lappland har visat att de flesta metaller i sedimentet från en sjö har minskat på senare år, Hg samt Arsenik har dock ökat. Detta beror troligtvis på minskad användning av fossila bränslen samt gruvdriften i norr.Changes in the accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn), arsenic (As), and selenium (Se) in sediment of pristine lake in northern Sweden were studied by making measurements at different depths in a sediment core. The sediment core was extracted from the deepest part of the lake Sautusjärvi, close to the village Jukkasjärvi. The sediment samples were transported in a cooler to

As a global society we are entering an era where land areas and land-based resources are coming to the fore once again for capital accumulation and economic growth, for the first time since the end of the 18th century when Malthus forecasted a contradiction between population growth and agricultural output. That constraint on economic growth, imposed by limited land areas, was overcome by the comb

Lipolysis is an important metabolic pathway controlling energy homeostasis through degradation of triglycerides stored in lipid droplets and release of fatty acids. Lipid droplets of mammalian cells are coated with one or more members of the PAT protein family, which serve important functions in regulating lipolysis. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms by which PAT family members, perilip

Things such as organizations, persons, or locations are ubiquitous in all texts circulating on the internet, particularly in the news, forum posts, and social media. Today, there is more written material than any single person can read through during a typical lifespan. Automatic systems can help us amplify our abilities to find relevant information, where, ideally, a system would learn knowledge

Shared micro-mobility services are increasingly embraced by cities around the world in recent years. Their benefits over other transportation modes in certain frames encourage traffic/urban planners, public authorities to establish such systems in urban areas. However, planning the placement, size and operation of such beneficial micro-mobility mode is a vital issue that concerns designers. Severa

OBJECTIVE: To identify ways that provision of hemophilia care can be maximized at the local level, irrespective of available resources or cultural or geographic challenges.METHODS: The SHIELD group used its multinational experience to share examples of local initiatives that have been employed to deliver optimal hemophilia care.RESULTS: The examples were reviewed and categorized into four key them

Although climate change and international trade are interdependent, policy-makers often address the two topics separately. This may inhibit progress at the intersection of climate change and trade and could present a serious constraint for global climate action. One key risk is carbon leakage through emission outsourcing, i.e. reductions in emissions in countries with rigorous climate policies bei

Polycentrism has gradually become a newly emergent dimension of global urbanization. Many countries worldwide have tailored plans suited to functional polycentricity, in light of the prevalent “ghost cities” or “empty towns” as lessons from the morphologically polycentric development practices. However, the subject of defining and measuring functional polycentricity is still in an initial developm

Soil freezing/thawing is an important mechanism to control soil water and heat redistribution in mid-to-high latitudes. Salt in the agricultural soil from mid-to-high latitudes can alter characteristics of soil freezing/thawing cycle and then affect soil thermal and hydrological processes in winter and finally cause salinization in spring. To quantify the impacts of soil salinization on soil water