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The induction of host signal transduction cascades by bacterial pathogens contributes directly to their virulence. In addition to the pore-forming cytolysin pneumolysin, several surface-exposed proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae are also potent modulators of complex host signaling pathways. These pneumococcal surface proteins either directly mediate adhesion of pneumococci to specific cell surfa
The global CO2 emissions in 2010 from fossil energy use grew at the fastest rate since 1969. The year 2010 also witnessed that the global oil production did not match the rapid growth in consumption [1]. These recent data further intensify worldwide concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and energy security for a sustained economic development. For a reduced dependence on oil from fossil reserves
Background The HIV-1 epidemic in Ethiopia has been shown to be dominated by two phylogenetically distinct subtype C clades, the Ethiopian (C'-ET) and East African (C-EA) clades, however, little is known about the temporal dynamics of the HIV epidemic with respect to subtypes and distinct clades. Moreover, there is only limited information concerning transmission of HIV-1 drug resistance (TDR) in t
Polyphenols may play a chemopreventive role in colorectal cancer (CRC); however, epidemiological evidence supporting a role for intake of individual polyphenol classes, other than flavonoids is insufficient. We evaluated the association between dietary intakes of total and individual classes and subclasses of polyphenols and CRC risk and its main subsites, colon and rectum, within the European Pro
Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is considered an attractive strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Favorable metabolic effects of AMPK activation are mainly observed in skeletal muscle and liver tissue whereas the effects in human adipose tissue are only poorly understood. Previous studies, which largely employed the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-D-ribof
Population-based data on metastatic patterns are lacking because cancer registries seldom record metastases. This study uses a novel population-based approach to identify metastases and describes metastatic pathways from 14 common primary cancers to 12 specific metastatic sites. A total of 179 581 patients with metastatic cancer were identified from the Swedish Cancer Registry and metastatic sites
This paper examines the social rules and conventions of photography practices on visual social media platforms through revisiting the concept of gaze. More specifically we analyse how 25 participants in so-called Instagram take-overs make sense of and perform photography as an embodied visual practice situated in time and space. Hence, approaching that which is seen on Instagram from the viewpoint
Visuals like photographs and videos produced and circulated by lay people in social media serve as significant mediators in crisis communication. Such visuals are crucial for the way contemporary crisis events are defined and perceived in public (Mortensen, 2015; Coombs, 2007). This type of eyewitness footage is a growing visual genre of crisis communication. Yet, previous studies tend to neglect
Water-butanol and water-hexane flows were visualized in ultra-shallow straight and serpentine microchannels with a cross-junction. At the inlet cross-junction, three major flow patterns including tubing/threading, dripping and jetting were mapped using the aqueous Capillary number versus the organic Weber number. Correspondingly, in the main microchannel, annular flow, slug flow and droplet flow w
