Vertebrate eyes are of the simple or camera type with a single optical system that creates an image on the retina in the back of the eye. There, the visual information is encoded as nervous signals by photoreceptors, processed by retinal neurons, and then sent to the brain via the optic nerve. Surprisingly at first sight, the retinal neurons are located between the lens and the light-sensitive par

Meristems continually supply new cells for post-embryonic plant development and coordinate the initiation of new organs, such as leaves and flowers. Meristem function is regulated by a large and interconnected dynamic system that includes transcription networks, intercellular protein signalling, polarized transport of hormones and a constantly changing cellular topology. Mathematical modelling, in

Serial quantification of BCR-ABL1 mRNA is an important therapeutic indicator in chronic myeloid leukemia, but there is substantial variation in results reported by different laboratories. To improve comparability, an internationally accepted plasmid certified reference material (CRM) was developed according to ISO Guide 34:2009. Fragments of BCR-ABL1 (e14a2 mRNA fusion), BCR and GUSB transcripts w

Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have been regarded as the new energy source for portable, stationary, and automotive applications. However, commercial exploitation of PEMFCs is still in an early stage, due to shortage of infrastructure in the society, high cost, and particularly the difficulty of the water/thermal management. One of the objectives of the current work is to analyze the

The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWDGF) has produced in 2011 a guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease in patients with diabetes and a foot ulcer. This document, together with a systematic review that provided the background information on management, was produced by a multidisciplinary working group of experts in the field and was endorsed by t

We present a method for performing quantum state holography, with which we completely characterize the amplitude and phase of an attosecond electron wave packet. Our approach is an extension of a recent publication [J. Mauritsson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 053001 (2010)] in which we demonstrated experimentally that the energies and amplitudes of an attosecond electron wave packet can be charact

The aim of the study was to investigate the resting levels of novel cardiovascular biomarkers in common types of noncardiac syncope.

The use of (U-Th)/He thermochronometry in old slowly cooled terranes has long been debated. Hence, studies of natural setting are needed to verify the expected diffusivity behaviour of helium. Our results demonstrate that the (U-Th)/He method can be applicable to samples older than 200 Ma, and that available helium diffusion models can reproduce the results obtained from the age-vs.-depth trends.

Many northerly breeding shorebird species show a separation in timing of adult and juvenile migration. If, in addition to genetic control of migration, learning from experienced conspecifics is advantageous, juveniles should join adult birds during their first fall migration when possible. We here present a method to test if juveniles mix with adults during the period of overlap during southward m

Abstract is not available

Rubrene single crystals have been grown by a vapor-phase process. Two additional compounds that contaminate rubrene have been identified and their structures determined. Single crystals of rubrene show excellent crystallinity and very small rocking curve width. Field effect transistors based on pure rubrene single crystals with colloidal graphite electrodes and Parylene as a dielectric demonstrate

INTRODUCTION: Some commercial divers have claimed that headache is a frequent symptom related to decompression following a saturation dive, but due to lack of systematic reporting there is limited knowledge of the incidence and clinical characteristics of such headaches. METHODS: During 2001, a questionnaire was distributed to divers participating in offshore saturation diving operations on the No

The present study examined the capability of a real-time assessment routine to sort out the individual impact of three production systems on psychological activation as measured by the Stress/Energy Inventory, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, Borg's CR-10 Perceived Exertion scale, and the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory. Sixteen women between the ages of 26 and S7 years (mean 43 years) rotated

Almond beta-glucosidase was used to catalyze the transglycosylation of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside to alkyl glucosides, with hydrolysis to glucose as a side reaction. The conversions were carried out in alcohols with varying water contents below water saturation. Both the total reaction rate and the ratio between the transglycosylation and hydrolysis increased with increasing water activity, an

Sildenafil (Viagra((R))), a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), induces headache and migraine. Although previously supposed to be a "vascular" headache, no significant cerebral artery dilatation was found in vivo. Thus, we hypothesised that PDE5 may not be present or that sildenafil is less effective on the cGMP hydrolysis in cerebral arteries, and that sildenafil may not be an effe

This paper considers the problem of assigning a finite number of indivisible objects, like jobs, houses, positions, etc., to the same number of individuals. There is also a divisible good (money) and the individuals consume money and one object each. The class of fair allocation rules that are strategy-proof in the strong sense that no coalition of individuals can improve the allocation for all of

Aqueous mixtures of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes undergo associative phase separation, resulting in coacervation, gelation, or precipitation. This phenomenon has been exploited in forming DNA gel particles by interfacial diffusion. We report here the formation of DNA gel particles by mixing solutions of double-stranded DNA with aqueous solutions containing two cationic proteins, lysozyme an

BACKGROUND Linomide, Figure 1, produces robust and consistent in vivo growth inhibition of prostate cancer models via its anti-angiogenic activity and inhibition of autoimmune encephalomyelitis models of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS clinical trials were discontinued because of unacceptable toxicity, due to dose-dependent induction of proinflammation. METHODS Therefore, linomide analogs were initia