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Safeguard measures exist in both multilateral agreements (WTO law) and regional trade agreements. This book aims to investigate whether safeguard measures are allowed in regional trade agreements under Article XXIV GATT and the Enabling Clause, and if so, if it is possible to exclude parties in the application of safeguard measures.
The forces of globalization and the enabling characteristics of internet communication have impacted the nature of research and innovation. Knowledge and innovation processes are both more dispersed and more openly accessible. In addition, we witness a shift in the global knowledge and innovation geography with both being increasingly generated and developed in regions outside Europe, North Americ
Solid single-ion conducting polymers continue to attract a significant interest as electrolyte materials with a great potential to improve safety and performance of energy storage devices. Still, their low conductivity is a significant hurdle presently preventing their application. Here, we report on highly conductive BAB triblock copolymers with A blocks of either poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) or po
The concept of geographically concentrated ‘clusters’ of firms, research institutions and other organisations became popular in economic development policy circles during the 1990s, following the publication of Michael Porter’s (1990) Competitive Advantage of Nations. Today there is widespread acceptance of the need to design policies that nurture and support cooperative relationships among groups
We have investigated the visible spectrum of W11+ and found a very strong line at the wave length of 527.61 nm from the 4f135s25p2 (2F7/2-2F5/2) transition. We show that this line is strong since the excitation energy of the upper level opens up the possibility to capture a large population. We discuss the possibility that this strong line could be the unknown line seen in charge exchange spectra
One of the key challenges for structure from motion systems in order to make them robust to failure is the ability to handle outliers among the correspondences. In this paper we present two new algorithms that find the optimal solution in the presence of outliers when the camera undergoes a pure translation. The first algorithm has polynomial-time computational complexity, independently of the amo
OBJECTIVE β-Cell autoantibodies are a feature of the preclinical phase of type 1 diabetes. Here, we asked how frequently they revert in a cohort of children at risk for type 1 diabetes and whether reversion has any effect on type 1 diabetes risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Children were up to 10 years of age and screened more than once for insulin autoantibody, GAD antibody, and insulinoma antige
Driven by increased expectations on the use of knowledge to benefit sustainable social development and growth, the government’s research and innovation bill in 2012 highlighted the need to develop new incentives and structures to foster universities’ interaction with surrounding society. Following this, the government assigned Vinnova the task of developing methods and criteria for assessing the p
Catharina Stenqvist, former professor in philosophy of religion at Lund University, alludes that there are similarities between death and contemplation. In this article I suggest three possible such similarities, what they may consist in, how they may be given grounds, and examples of how further research may be carried out. The three suggested points of similarity are 1) experiential similarities
The summer precipitation from June to September in the source region of the Yellow River accounts for about 70% of the annual total, and its decrease would cause further water shortage problems. Consequently, the objectives of this study are to improve the understanding of the linkages between the precipitation in the source region of the Yellow River and global teleconnection patterns, and to pre
Disentangling the factors shaping species distributions remains a central goal in biogeography, ecology and evolutionary biology. The extrinsic pressures that may facilitate range shifts, such as climatic factors or biotic interactions are well known. However, in contrast, the possible intrinsic factors are manifold and hard to generalize across taxa. Recently, several theoretical studies have inv
There is a large consensus that higher education institutions exert notable effects on their regional environment. So far, however, much of the related evidence is based on case studies. Few findings are available on a more generalizable level. To bridge this gap, our study uses spatial panel-data models to identify the impacts of higher education institution (HEI) activities on GDP per capita and
We show that the family of Esscher-transformed Laplace distributions is a subclass of asymmetric Laplace laws.
Introduction: The extent to which postprandial glucagon reductions contribute to lowering of postprandial glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is currently unknown. The aim of this analysis was to determine whether a reduction in postprandial glucagon following treatment with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist lixisenatide correlates with a reduction in postprandial g
A central question in evolutionary biology is how coevolutionary history between predator and prey influences their interactions. Contemporary global change and range expansion of exotic organisms impose a great challenge for prey species, which are increasingly exposed to invading non-native predators, with which they share no evolutionary history. Here, we complete a comprehensive survey of empi
Presence of a root neighbor can induce changes in root allocation and pollen traits, but only a limited number of studies have investigated such effects on pollen. To learn more about effects of root contact on pollen competitive ability, we studied plants of the hermaphroditic winter-annual Collinsia heterophylla, native to California. We cultivated plants in two-pot treatments with roots kept ei
Introduction: Although biomarkers are useful diagnostic tools to assess joint damage in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, few data exist for biomarkers of haemophilic arthropathy. Aim: To evaluate the association between biomarkers and compatible additive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scores in patients with severe haemophilia A. Methods: Patients aged 12–35 years with no history of fact
