Horses vs. Machines: A Comparative Energy Analysis between Eighteenth Century- and Modern Copper Mining
This study shows the positive benefits of early 18th century copper mining in terms of energy efficiency due to the utilization of animate power, pre-industrial machinery, biofuels and a small-scale of organization. Based on the concept of embodied energy, this study calculates the inputs in early 18th century Falun Coppermine in Sweden and compares it with present-day Chibuluma Coppermine in Zamb
