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Aims/hypothesisObservational studies indicate that type 2 diabetes mellitus and fasting glucose levels are associated with a greater risk for hip fracture, smaller bone area and higher bone mineral density (BMD). However, these findings may be biased by residual confounding and reverse causation. Mendelian randomisation (MR) utilises genetic variants as instruments for exposures in an attempt to a
The Swedish species of signiphorids (Chalcidoidea: Signiphoridae) are reviewed. Three species occur in the country, of which Clytina giraudi Erdös, 1957 is reported for the first time. Specimens of this species were reared from galls induced by Lipara lucens Meigen, 1830 (Diptera: Chloropidae) on common reed (Phragmites australis). New province records for the other two species, Chartocerus subaen
Beads made from animal teeth were an important form ofdecoration among hunter-gatherer societies in Northern Europe.The analyses presented in this paper are based on questionsregarding the design of the beads, the choice of animal teeth,their placement on the costume, and the exchange of beads. Forthese analyses, two sites with partly different conditions have beenselected, one located in northernBeads made from animal teeth were an important form of decoration among hunter-gatherer societies in Northern Europe. The analyses presented in this paper are based on questions regarding the design of the beads, the choice of animal teeth, their placement on the costume, and the exchange of beads. For these analyses, two sites with partly different conditions have been selected, one located in no
BackgroundWe examined whether the inverse association between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and hip fracture risk is mediated by incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and body mass index (BMI).MethodsWe included 50 755 men and women from the Cohort of Swedish Men and the Swedish Mammography Cohort who answered lifestyle and medical questionnaires in 1997 and 2008 (used for calculation of th
Men and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have higher risk of hip fracture, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. We aimed to investigate how T2DM, glucose, and insulin were associated with femoral bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral area (BMA), and bone turnover markers. We used two cross-sectional cohorts: the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM, n = 452, mean age
It is presently unclear whether free serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (S 25(OH)D) better reflects bone health than total S 25(OH)D. We have previously shown that summer total S 25(OH)D values are more useful to predict bone mineral density (BMD) than winter values. Our objective was therefore to compare the relative importance of free and total S 25(OH)D for BMD by season. BMD was measured by dual energy
BackgroundThe impact of season when determining a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25OHD) cut-off level for optimal bone health is unknown.ObjectiveTo investigate the relative importance of S-25OHD for bone mineral density (BMD) by season.MethodsA subcohort of 5002 Swedish women (mean age 68 years), randomly selected from a large population-based longitudinal cohort study with repeat dietary and lifes
This article provides an overview of the role mediation analyses play in causal inferencemethodology and in the estimation of the effect an exposure may have on an outcome throughdirect and indirect pathways. We discuss traditional approaches to mediation and where thesemay lead to bias, before discussing more advanced methods that can be used to overcome thesebiases in situations with single and
Eighteen lichen species, one lichenicolous and two allied fungi are reported for the first time for Latvia (Europe). Bryoria smithii, Heterodermia speciosa, Phaeophyscia pusilloides and Ramalina europaea are new records for the Baltic countries. Comments on habitats and substrates of new records are provided.
PurposeDual design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) takes into account both the opportunities and constraints of AM simultaneously, which research shows is more effective than considering them separately. Unlike existing reviews, this paper aims to map DfAM research within the engineering design process, focusing solely on studies adopting dual DfAM. Additionally, it aims to suggest future resear
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and anxiety disorders are early-onset mental disorders characterized by selective attention and strong emotional reactions. Attentional bias has been proposed to play a role in the development, onset, and maintenance of the disorders, but few studies have included youth with mental disorders, and no study has included more than one clinical group, making it uncl
Background: Recent studies indicate the need to examine how the gut microbiota–brain axis is implicated in pain, sensory reactivity and gastro-intestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but no scale exists that assesses all these constructs simultaneously. Methods: We created a pool of 100 items based on the real-world experience of autistic people, and a multidisciplinary team and sta
