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The main question that guides this paper is how governments are focusing (and must focus) on competence building (education, training and skills) when designing and implementing innovation policies. After a brief literature review, this paper suggests a typology of internal/external and individual/organizational sources of competences that are related to innovation activities. This serves to exami
We describe a simple method to detect significant changes of the total ozone column from global (diffuse and direct) zenith sky measurements taken at the Earth’s surface. The calculation of the total ozone column relies on measured irradiance at two wavelengths in the ultra violet part of the solar spectrum. One of these (i.e. 306 nm) are appreciable absorbed by ozone whereas the other (i.e. 360 n
Stereo matching is an inherently difficult problem due to ambiguous and noisy texture. The non-convexity and non- differentiability makes local linear (or quadratic) approximations poor, thereby preventing the use of standard local descent methods. Therefore recent methods are predominantly based on discretization and/or random sampling of some class of approximating surfaces (e.g. planes). While
The problem of minimizing emissions of NO. and soot in a diesel engine using fuel injection timings and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve position in a low-pressure EGR system as control variables is addressed. Two feedback variables are computed from in-cylinder pressure sensor data, the crank angle degree of 50 % fuel burnt, and the ignition delay. Empirical maps of NO, and soot according to
OBJECTIVE-Proinsulin is a precursor of mature insulin and C-peptide. Higher circulating proinsulin levels are associated with impaired beta-cell function, raised glucose levels, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Studies of the insulin processing pathway could provide new insights about T2D pathophysiology. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-We have conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide as
Cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a major cause of severe neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants. To date, no therapy is available that prevents infants from developing serious neurological disability following IVH. Thus, to develop treatment strategies for IVH, it is essential to characterize the initial sequence of molecular events that leads to brain damage. In this study,
OBJECTIVE Over 30 loci have been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes at genome-wide statistical significance. Genetic risk scores (GRSs) developed from these loci predict diabetes in the general population. We tested if a GRS based on an updated list of 34 type 2 diabetes-associated loci predicted progression to diabetes or regression toward normal glucose regulation (NGR) in the Diabetes Prev
This article report findings from a new dataset that consists of productivity and employment variables from 89 Western European regions and 51 American states and districts from 1950 to 2000. Distribution dynamics is used to investigate convergence in labor productivity, Gross Value Added (GVA) per capita, and employment ratios. Main findings are that European labor productivity and GVA per capita
Conformations and structural transitions of polyelectrolytes strictly confined onto a spherical 2D surface have been investigated by scaling descriptions based on physical arguments concerning polyelectrolyte adsorption onto planar surface and liquid crystals as well as by Monte Carlo simulations using a bead-spring model with short-range and electrostatic repulsions. In case of the electrostatic
Immune system functioning and maintenance entails costs which may limit investment into other processes such as reproduction. Yet, the proximate mechanisms and 'currencies' mediating the costs of immune responses remain elusive. In vertebrates, up-regulation of the innate immune system is associated with rapid phagocytic production of pro-oxidant molecules (so-called 'oxidative burst' responses).
In plant respiratory chains, alternative pathways for NAD(P)H oxidation are mediated by type II NAD(P)H dehydrogenases belonging to the NDA, NDB, and NDC families. For the latter type, Arabidopsis thaliana contains a single gene, NDC1, whose functional role has not previously been analyzed in the plant. We found that A. thaliana NDC1 is alternatively spliced. Four base pairs at the 3' end of intro
The coordination behaviour of the aliphatic pincer ligand cis-1,3-bis-((di-tert-butylphosphino)methyl) cyclohexane with NiCl2 and NiBr2 was studied. Reflux in toluene afforded cyclometalated, tridentate PCsp3P pincer complexes, that were characterised by elemental analysis and NMR spectroscopy; the solid state structures were determined by X-ray diffraction showing an unusually long Ni-Br bond in
This paper aims to address some gaps in current knowledge by studying temporal and spatial variations in Artemisia pollen counts (2000-2009) at 13 sites located in different biogeographical areas of Central and Eastern Europe. Analysis showed that start dates of Artemisia pollen seasons are greatly dependent on temperature during June and July, with hot summer temperatures having a tendency to del
Background: Previous epidemiologic studies found inconsistent results for the association between red meat intake, nitrosamines [NDMA: N-nitrosodimethylamine, and ENOC (endogenous nitroso compounds)], and the risk of bladder cancer. We investigated the association between red meat consumption, dietary nitrosamines, and heme iron and the risk of bladder cancer among participants of the European Pro
We demonstrate a pulse generator based on a GaAs-AlGaAs gated resonant tunneling diode (RTD). This is realized by integrating a third terminal, the gate, into the current path of a RTD. The gate consists of a 200 A thick tungsten grating buried 300 A above the RTD. This implementation allows for control of the current through the RTD. By integrating this device in parallel with an on-chip inductan
Background: Available evidence suggest that perceptions or ratings of the neighborhood, e.g. as being green, walkable or noisy, are important for effects on health and wellbeing, also after controlling for objective measures of identical or similar features. When evaluating effects of the perceived environment, it is important that measurement properties and the reliability of the environmental ra
Wood decay mechanisms in Agaricomycotina have been traditionally separated in two categories termed white and brown rot. Recently the accuracy of such a dichotomy has been questioned. Here, we present the genome sequences of the white-rot fungus Cylindrobasidium torrendii and the brown-rot fungus Fistulina hepatica both members of Agaricales, combining comparative genomics and wood decay experimen
Aims: The aim of this study was to estimate the self-reported domestic incidence of acute gastrointestinal illness in the Swedish population irrespective of route of transmission or type of pathogen causing the disease. Previous studies in Sweden have primarily focused on incidence of acute gastrointestinal illness related to consumption of contaminated food and drinking water. Methods: In May 200
Neuroblastoma is an embryonal malignancy that accounts for 15% of all cancer related deaths amongst children. Although the overall survival of patients has been improving over the last decades, the high-risk neuroblastoma patients have a survival rate of <50%. Using gene expression microarrays we identify a group of proteins (snoRNPs) whose expression correlates with poor prognosis. We futher show
