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Photoreceptor responses to light in the isolated pineal organ of the trout, Salmo gairdneri

Photoreceptor potentials were recorded intracellularly from the isolated pineal organ of the teleost, Salmo gairdneri, maintained in tissue culture medium for 2-20 h. After electrophysiological characterization the photoreceptor cells were iontophoretically injected with Lucifer Yellow or with horseradish peroxidase for subsequent morphological identification. A brief flash of light elicited a hyp

Action of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the isolated photosensory pineal organ

The effect of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), its agonists (muscimol, baclofen) and antagonist (bicuculline) on pineal ganglion cells of the luminosity type were studied in the isolated, superfused pineal organ of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Extracellular recordings revealed that GABA added through the superfusion medium caused a clear alteration of the actvity of projecting neurons, which

Temporal disparity in pineal and retinal ontogeny

The development of photoreceptors and two putative neurotransmitter systems in the pineal organ and retina was studied during embryogenesis in the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus L. The investigation was performed by aid of immunocytochemistry using well characterized antisera to the retinal proteins α-transducin (TDα) and S-antigen (SA) (photoreceptor-markers), antisera against l-

Postsmolt change in numbers of acetylcholinesterase-positive cells in the pineal organ of the Pacific coho salmon

We have examined the occurrence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive cells in the pineal organ of different developmental stages of the Pacific coho salmon. Large numbers of AChE cells were present in fresh-water living alevins, in all stages of presmolts (n=307-544), and in adult spawners (n=696-1774) whereas seawater-living postmolts displayed a total lack of labeled cells. The AChE-reactive

Neural projections of the pineal organ in the larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.) revealed by indocarbocyanine dye tracing

The distribution of the central neural connections of the pineal organ of the larval sea lamprey was investigated by means of anterograde and retrograde tracing with the fluorescent lipophilic dye. DiI (1,1′-dioctadecyl 3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate). Pinealofugal projections are well developed in larvae, extending from the posterior commissure into the diencephalon and mesence

Central neural connections of the pineal organ and retina in the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus L.

The relations of the central neural connections of the pineal organ to those of the retinae of the lateral eyes were investigated in the three‐spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (Teleostei), by anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP was applied to the crushed pineal stalk and/or injected into the left or the right eye. Both pineal and retinal efferents

Pineal neurons projecting to the brain of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson (Teleostei) - In-vitro retrograde filling with horseradish peroxidase

The morphology of intrapineal neurons that give rise to the pineal tract and project to the brain in the rainbow trout was visualized by the use of neuronal backfilling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The tracing was performed on excised pineal organs under in-vitro conditions at 4° C, with filling times ranging from 6 to 24 h. Large multipolar, bipolar and unipolar neurons were visualized in t

Putative cholinergic elements in the photosensory pineal organ and retina of a teleost, Phoxinus phoxinus L. (Cyprinidae) - Distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity, acetylcholinesterase-positive elements and pinealofugally projecting neurons

Putative cholinergic neurons in the photosensory pineal organ of a cyprinid teleost, the European minnow, were studied by use of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry. Pinealofugally projecting neurons were visualized using retrograde HRP-filling through their cut axons. For comparison, the distribution of choline acetyltransferase immu

Intracellular staining of physiologically identified photoreceptor cells and hyperpolarizing interneurons in the teleost pineal organ

The directly photosensory pineal organ of the rainbow trout functions primarily as a luminance detector. Its neutral output reflects the level of ambient illumination in an almost linear fashion over several orders of magnitude. It may thus transmit information about the daily light-dark cycle to central projection targets in the brain, and exert an important control over putative central oscillat

Signal processing in a simple vertebrate photoreceptor system : the teleost pineal organ.

The integrating circuitry and efferent pathways for neural signals evoked in the photosensory pineal organ by changes in ambient illumination have been investigated by a multidisciplinary approach. Intrapineal efferent neurons were identified by means of retrograde filling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In addition to several types of neurons, photoreceptor cells that emitted axons to the brai

Electron microscopic analysis of S‐antigen‐ and serotonin‐immuoreactive neural and sensory elements in the photosensory pineal organ of the salmon

Photoreceptor cells in the pineal complex of poikilothermic vertebrates are regarded as homologous with the neuroendocrine pinealocytes in the mammalian pineal organ. They possess an indolamine metabolism, and they contain a number of substances that are immunochemically similar to phototransduction‐related proteins otherwise found in photoreceptors of the lateral eye retina. Using correlative lig

Neural elements in the pineal complex of the frog, rana esculenta, i : Centrally projecting neurons

The pineal complex of anuran amphibians is a directly photosensory organ, encompassing both an extracranial portion, the frontal organ, and an intracranial portion, the pineal organ proper. The projection neurons of the frontal organ respond differentially according to the wavelengths of the light stimuli. The pineal organ, on the other hand, functions mainly as a luminosity meter. Most of its cen

Localization of 2-[125I]lodomelatonin binding sites in the brain of the atlantic salmon, salmo salar L.

The photosensory pineal organ of teleost fish shows a circadian rhythm in melatonin synthesis, and melatonin is known to influence a number of physiological functions. However, the target sites for melatonin are not known. We have investigated the distribution of melatonin binding sites in the brain of the salmon, Salmo salar. Brains were collected for receptor binding assay and autoradiography at

To increase physical activity in sedentary patients with affective - or schizophrenia spectrum disorders - a clinical study of adjuvant physical therapy in mental health

Purpose: To understand if physical therapy in addition to individualized psychiatric specialist treatment could aid sedentary patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders or affective spectrum disorders to become more physically active and also to identify assessments suitable for measuring physical activity, physical function and movement motivation. Materials and methods: In a longitudinal, cl

bicoid RNA localization requires the trans-Golgi network

Background: The formation of the bicoid (bcd) mRNA gradient is a crucial step for Bcd protein gradient formation in Drosophila. In the past, a microtubule (MT)-based cortical network had been shown to be indispensable for bcd mRNA transport to the posterior.Results: We report the identification of a MT-binding protein CLASP/Chb as the first component associated with this cortical MT network. Since