Penalties and Premiums. A Gender-Based Investigation into the Costs of Parenthood in Sweden.
Numerous empirical studies have discovered that parenthood affects women’s earnings negatively, while men face much smaller penalties and even experience both fatherhood and marriage premiums. This paper uses a cross-sectional approach to analyze the earnings penalty of motherhood and fatherhood in Sweden. It also investigates various earnings penalties experienced by parents, such as the effects
