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Hur cancerceller ska bli bättre på att göra sig synlig för immunförsvaret Immunförsvaret består utav många olika celler som alla är med i att försvara kroppen från hot, när dom upptäcker en fara finns en del celler som kan eliminera målet, dom kallas T-celler. Ett hot som uppkommer i kroppen är cancer. Det finns många olika orsaker till att cancer uppstår, däribland arvsanlag men också miljöfaktoThe many cases of malignant melanoma and the following relapses after standard-of-care treatment demands inventions on finding new treatment to this cancer disease. One of the reasons for reduced clinical response in melanoma is the downregulation of tumor specific antigens which results in decreased tumor recognition, followed by tumor escape and progression. This study investigated the potential

Transports, and transport infrastructures enable and deliver vital societal functions in today’s society. At the same time, as sustainability becomes more and more important these sectors fail to enable the rate of change that international and national policies calls for. The electrification of the transport sector is a key driver of the future’s sustainable transport system, and the number of el

Previous research has shown that intermediate-advanced L2 learners of Swedish with a non-tonal L1 can use word accents to predict the upcoming suffix as L1 Swedish speakers do. This was also the case of low-intermediate L2 learners who produced word accents after being instructed on the Swedish prosodic system. On the contrary, previous findings on L2 Swedish learners with a tonal L1 exhibited no

The project aims to learn about Chinese young people's choices and attitudes towards cooking and solve their problems in cooking. The solution is presented in the form of a product --- a multifunctional electrothermal cooking appliance. The traditional Chinese saying "Food is god for the people" shows the importance of diet in Chinese life. But today, more and more Chinese young peo

We live in a society where online shopping is becoming the most common form of shopping. Companies are investing and growing their online market by offering cheap and quick deliveries, online offers that beat in-store prices and increasing the number of package pick-up locations. We live a faster-paced lifestyle, which makes online shopping more convenient for us. The rapid change in our shopping

It has been shown that pollinators mediate selection on floral traits of food-deceptive orchids. However, few studies have disentangled the mechanisms linking floral traits to performance and fitness, providing an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the process of natural selection. In this project, we studied trait-performance-fitness relationships on three food-deceptive Dactylorhiza o

Physical Properties of Prebiotic Membranes One of the most fundamental questions in science that remains unanswered today is the question of the origin of life on Earth. Life is defined as a chemical system with the capacity of self-replication and undergoing Darwinian evolution. Origin of life research focuses on the transition of physics and chemistry to such a chemical system. For life to ari

Functional Data Analysis (FDA) is a field that has been growing rapidly over the last few decades, with much ongoing research and many recent publications. The focus for Functional Data Analysis is the study of so called functional data, that is data that is assumed to have been generated from a true, underlying function, where we can only observe a sequence of measurements. We propose a method t

Through semi-structured interviews conducted with representatives of three different NGOs located in The Gambia, this qualitative study explores how practices and activities in the organisations improve educational opportunities for girls in the country. The study identifies specific societal challenges that the NGOs try to remedy with their work, and what the focus is in their capacity building.

Offentlig upphandling är ett stort rättsområde som spelar en viktig roll i samhället. Offentlig upphandling omsätter miljardbelopp årligen och sysselsätter otroligt många människor. Den svenska lagstiftningen kring offentlig upphandling utgår ifrån den unionsrätt som Sverige blev en del av i samband med inträdet i EU i början av 1990-talet. Offentlig upphandling regleras på EU-nivå av en katalog aPublic procurement is a large area of law that plays an important part in todays society. Public procurement turns over billions of Swedish kronor annually and employs lots of people. The Swedish legislation on public procurement derives from the union law that Sweden became a part of in connection with joining the European Union in the beginning of the 1990’s. Public procurement is regulated by a

Denna uppsats handlar om den delen av kvinnorörelsens historia där kvinnors rätt till högre statstjänster berörs. I takt med industrialiseringen förändrades det svenska samhället och medförde att kvinnor tog plats på arbetsmarknaden på ett helt annat sätt än tidigare. Sedan mitten av 1800-talet var kvinnor aktiva på den statliga arbetsmarknaden och fick tillträde till universitetsstudier i början This essay is about the part of the history of the women's movement where women's right to higher civil service is affected. In time as the industrialization happened, Swedish society changed which resulted in that women took their place in the labor market in a completely different way than before. Since the middle of the 19th century, women were active in the state labor market and gaine

En på senare tid omdiskuterad fråga är om skadeståndsskyldighet vid avtalsbrott i allmänhet förutsätter oaktsamhet från den avtalsbrytande parten eller om skadeståndsskyldigheten bygger på någon annan subjektiv ansvarsgrund. Rätten att göra påföljder gällande vid avtalsbrott är en central del av avtalsrätten och för att skadeståndsskyldighet ska uppstå vid avtalsbrott krävs det att flertalet rekviA frequently debated question is if liability for damages requires negligence from a contracting party that is in breach of contract or if the basis of liability has another form. The right to inflict sanctions on a contract breaching adversary is a key part of contract law and several necessary conditions need to be fulfilled for a party to be liable for damages. The purpose of this essay is to e

Ett gynnande svenskt förvaltningsbeslut får som huvudregel inte ändras. Detta brukar kallas att beslutet vinner negativ rättskraft, eller att det är orubbligt. Till denna huvudregel finns ett antal undantag. Ett av undantagen är om den enskilde vilselett myndigheten och därmed fått ett gynnande beslut som denne inte hade rätt till. Uppsatsen behandlar i vilka situationer svenska myndigheter får åIn Swedish administrative law a favourable decision is, as a general principle, immoveable (res judicata). There are a few exceptions to this general principle, one of which is when an induvial have mislead a government authority and as a result have been granted a favourable decision the individual was not entitled to. This essay deals with the question of in which situations Swedish authorities

Sexhandel förekommer i alla kulturer och samhällen. Trots det har detta område visat sig vara nästintill omöjligt att på ett oproblematiskt vis integrera i länders lagstiftning. En konvergent lagstiftning mellan olika områden är grundläggande för att ett lands rättssystem ska fungera. Sexhandeln är ett politiskt, moraliskt och ideologiskt ämne vilket medför komplikationer när lagstiftningsarbete kSex work occurs in all cultures and societies. Nevertheless, this area has proved almost impossible to integrate into a countries’ legislation in an unproblematic way. Convergent legislation between different areas is fundamental for the functioning of a country’s legal system. The sex trade is a political, moral and ideological subject, which entails complications when legislative work on the sub

Provokationer eller provokativa åtgärder är en kontroversiell polisiär arbetsmetod som innebär att polisen lockar eller utmanar någon till en handling eller ett uttalande som kan vara negativt eller besvärande för denne. Ytterst innebär detta en risk för att staten provocerar enskilda att begå brott vilket är problematiskt på grund av den ojämna fördelningen av resurser mellan staten och enskilda.Entrapment is a method used by the police in which they lure or challenge somebody into an action or a statement that could impact the person negatively. Ultimately, this entails a risk that the government provoke an individual into committing crimes. This is problematic due to the imbalance of resources between the state and an individual and effectively means that several legal principles are ch

Under de senaste 30 åren har migrationsförvar (Engelska: Detention centers) blivit metoden att föredra när det gäller hanteringen av migrationsströmmarna i flera länder inom Europeiska Unionen (EU). I samband med den ökade användningen har det även skett en förändring från att stater har ett slags monopol gällande hanteringen av migrationsfunktioner till att stater delegerar (Engelska: Outsource) In the last three decades, detention centers have become the preferred method to manage the migration flow in multiple states within the European Union (EU). In correlation to the increasing use of detention centers, there has been a shift from states having a type of monopoly on migration management functions, to an increase of states outsourcing their responsibility to private companies. When st

Skyddet för brukskonst har historiskt sett varit restriktivt men med tiden utvecklats till att bli alltmer inkluderande och generöst när det gäller alster som både har ett estetiskt och funktionellt syfte. Det upphovsrättsliga skyddet har de senaste åren genom avgöranden från EU-domstolen givits tydligare riktlinjer gällande bedömningen av alster av brukskonst. Dessa har jämställts med övriga konsThe protection of applied art has historically been limited but has over time become more inclusive of and generous towards products whose design has been dictaded by both aesthetic and functional purposes. Copyright protection has during the last couple of years, through case law from the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), been given more specific guidelines regarding works of applied

The polar ice cap in the Arctic is receding, which has led to an increase in activity in the region. As the Arctic is becoming more accessible, economic opportunities are opening, making territorial claims in the region increasingly interesting to the Arctic Coastal States. This thesis focuses on the legal regime governing a future division of the Arctic Ocean. Given certain provisions are met, th

Trots stora insatser från samhället för att förmå föräldrar att nå samförståndslösningar minskar inte antalet vårdnadstvister. Antalet vårdnadsärenden som leder till tvister i domstol har tvärtemot ökat avsevärt. I 2006 års vårdnadsreform angavs föräldrars samarbetsförmåga som en särskilt viktig faktor vid avgörandet av vårdnadsfrågor. Syftet var att domstolen skulle bli försiktigare med att förorDespite great efforts by society to persuade parents to reach consensus solutions, the number of custody disputes is not decreasing. On the contrary, the number of custody cases leading to litigation in court has increased considerably. The 2006 custody reform identified parents' ability to cooperate as a particularly important factor in deciding custody issues. The aim was to make the Court m

Våren 2020 tvingades svenska lärosäten att ställa om till distansundervisning på mycket kort varsel. Förutsättningarna var goda när det kom till datorvana och infrastruktur men det har funnits indikationer på att dataskyddet fått stå tillbaka. Uppsatsen syftar till att med hjälp av en rättsdogmatisk metod, reda ut och åskådliggöra de olika aktörernas ansvar och GDPRs tillämplighet vid distansunderDue to the Covid-19-Outbrake in the spring of 2020, Swedish HEIs had to convert to distance learning on a very short notice. The conditions for this were good as the general level of computer skills is high and the infrastructure good, though there have been indications that data protection issues have occurred. This thesis aims to investigate and elaborate the roles of the different actors and th