Birds on migration alternate between consuming fuel stores during flights and accumulating fuel stores during stopovers. The optimal timing and length of flights and stopovers for successful migration depend heavily on the extra metabolic power input (fuel use) required to carry the fuel stores during flight(1,2). The effect of large fuel loads on metabolic power input has never been empirically d

Gene expression for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands and receptors was analyzed with in situ hybridization after two focal ischemic insults of different severities. Focal ischemia was induced in rats by either 30 min or 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), causing damage to the striatum only, or involving also the parietal cortex, respectively. We found

The problem studied in this paper is how to distribute computingresources over a set of realtime control loops in order to optimizethe total control performance. Two subproblems are investigated: howthe control performance depends on the sampling interval, and how arecursive resource allocation optimization routine can be designed.Linear quadratic cost functions are used as performance indicators.

Population synchrony over various geographical scales is known from a large number of taxa. Three main hypotheses have been put forward as explanations to this phenomenon. First, correlated environmental disturbances (so called Moran effect). Moran showed that at least for linear models, the population synchrony would exactly match that of the corresponding environment. Second, the migration, or d

Large eddy simulations of a three-dimensional turbulent thermal plume in an open environment have been carried out using a self-developed parallel computational fluid dynamics code SMAFS (smoke movement and flame spread) to study the thermal plume's dynamics including its puffing, self-preserving and air entrainment. In the simulation, the sub-grid stress was modeled using both the standard Smagor

Background and Purpose: To prospectively assess the feasibility and efficacy of a hypofractionated accelerated radiotherapy regimen (72 Gy in 24 daily fractions, 3Gy per fraction) in patients (pts) with non-resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Material and Methods: We included 25 Ins with a histologically or cytologically proven NSCLC, with KPS greater than or equal to 70 and less than o

The objectives of this study are to develop and demonstrate an approach to improve emergency response capability by strengthening individual and organisational learning from the evaluations of specific emergency responses. An approach was developed based on theories of individual and organisational learning. It was applied to evaluations of three instances of emergency response in the city of Malm

Amorphous drug nanosuspensions are prone to particle growth due to Ostwald ripening. By incorporating a second component of extremely low aqueous solubility, Ostwald ripening can be inhibited. These studies indicate that to inhibit ripening, the drug/inhibitor mixture (in the particles) must form a single phase. The drug/inhibitor mixture can be characterized by the interaction parameter chi using

An initial-boundary value problem to a system of nonlinear partial differential equations, which consists of a hyperbolic and a parabolic part, is taken into consideration. The problem is discretised by a compact finite difference method. An approximation of the numerical solution is constructed, at which the difference scheme is linearised. Nonlinear convergence is proved using the stability of t

Today, the underlying theoretical and methodological foundations as well as implementations in the field of accessibility are largely based on plans, metrics and heuristics. There is an obvious tension between these norms and those of the overall spirit of the times, which leans heavily towards improvisations, diversity, and ever-changing affordances. The parallel evolution of human computer inter

Women with a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 face a lifetime risk of breast cancer of similar to 80%, and following the first diagnosis the 10-year risk of contralateral breast cancer is similar to 30%. It has been shown that both tamoxifen and oophorectomy prevent contralateral breast cancer, but it is not clear whether there is a benefit in giving tamoxifen to women who have previously undergone an o

Objective. To study lymphocyte markers in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated interstitial pneumonitis (IP) compared with idiopathic IP. Methods. Paraffin-embedded lung biopsy specimens from patients with RA (n = 15) and from those without RA (n = 16), all of whom had a diagnosis of either nonspecific IP or usual IP, were studied. Tissue sections from each patient were reviewed by a pathologist,

This paper provides an empirical analysis of market behaviour under ‘Tradable White Certificate’ (TWC) schemes. It focuses on the entire set of ‘flexibilities’ granted to obliged parties to meet a mandatory energy-saving target cost-effectively, i.e. range eligible measures, eligible end-use sectors, banking provision, market engagement of non-obliged parties, and trading as such. We found that ma

Gut barrier function is essential in critical illness and contributes to the systemic inflammatory response. Failure of the gut barrier includes both changes in microbial ecology, permeability and potential translocation, as well as local gut inflammatory response. The present review summarizes experiences made from acute pancreatitis, including pathophysiological mechanisms and ways of interventi

The amount of large and old trees has decreased in the boreal forests during the last centuries of forestry. Such trees are important habitats for epiphytic lichens and there is a growing concern for lichen species that are associated with large and old trees. However, only little is known about the relative importance of tree size versus age as determinants of lichen diversity. Here we have deter

New data on the levels and long-range transport of plutonium in the Arctic Ocean, recorded in the course of two expeditions to this zone in, 1994 and 1996, are discussed in this paper. Specifically, approximately 100 plutonium measurements in surface and sub-surface water sampled at 58 separate stations throughout the Kara, Laptev and East Siberian Seas, as well as along latitudinal transects acro