We use the Economic Freedom Index to characterize the institutions of the Athenian city-state in the fourth century BCE. It has been shown that ancient Greece witnessed improved living conditions for an extended period of time. Athens in the fourth century appears to have fared particularly well. We find that economic freedom in ancient Athens is on level with the highest ranked modern economies s

Purpose - With the development of electronic devices, including the desires of integration, miniaturization, high performance and the output power, cooling requirement of chips have been increased gradually. Water-cooled minichannel is an effective cooling technology for cooling of heat sinks. The minichannel flow geometry offers large surface area for heat transfer and a high convective heat tran

Purpose: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a frequent and aggressive type of primary brain tumor with a heterogeneous origin. GBM is highly therapy resistant and carries a dismal prognosis for the patient. The purpose of this discovery study was to define candidate plasma biomarker signatures for improved classification and novel means for selecting patients for refined individualized therapy. Expe

Modeling soil thermal dynamics at high latitudes and altitudes requires representations of physical processes such as snow insulation, soil freezing and thawing and subsurface conditions like soil water/ice content and soil texture. We have compared six different land models: JSBACH, ORCHIDEE, JULES, COUP, HYBRID8 and LPJ-GUESS, at four different sites with distinct cold region landscape types, to

Aims: Prior evaluations of endovascular cooling during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have suggested variability in treatment effect related to core temperature at the time of reperfusion, to infarct location and time from symptom onset to reperfusion. Recent results from a randomised feasibility study suggest rapid induction of hypothermia i

Three Staphylococcus aureus strains representing different alleles of the Siphoviridae prophage-encoded enterotoxin A (SEA) gene, including two high-SEA-producing strains and one low-SEA-producing strain were studied to investigate sea expression and SEA formation on a frankfurter type of sausage. The effect of lactic acid, an antimicrobial compound used as a preservative in food, was also investi

Serglycin (SG) is a proteoglycan expressed by hematopoietic cells and is constitutively secreted by multiple myeloma (MM) cells. SG participates in the regulation of various inflammatory events. We found that SG secreted by human MM cell lines inhibits both the classical and lectin pathways of complement, without influencing alternative pathway activity. The inhibitory effect of SG is due to direc

Introduction Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies. There are many studies describing successful initial repair, but there are few studies examining long-term result. The aims of this study were to evaluate our patients that have been reconstructed for hypospadias and undergone final clinical examination after puberty and to assess how long clinical follow-up time is warranted

Birds have sophisticated colour vision mediated by four cone types that cover a wide visual spectrum including ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. Many birds have modest UV sensitivity provided by violet-sensitive (VS) cones with sensitivity maxima between 400 and 425 nm. However, some birds have evolved higher UV sensitivity and a larger visual spectrum given by UV-sensitive (UVS) cones maximally sensi

The multicanonical, or flat-histogram, method is a common technique to improve the sampling efficiency of molecular simulations. The idea is that free-energy barriers in a simulation can be removed by simulating from a distribution where all values of a reaction coordinate are equally likely, and subsequently reweight the obtained statistics to recover the Boltzmann distribution at the temperature

We tested whether bacterial communities of subarctic heath soil are adapted to elevated temperature after experimental warming by open-top greenhouses for 7 or 17 years. The long-term warming by 1-2 degrees C significantly decreased bacterial community growth, by 28% and 73% after 7 and 17 years, respectively. The decrease was most likely due to decreased availability of labile substrate under war

Conditions experienced during early life can have profound consequences for both short and long-term fitness. Variation in the natal environment has been shown to influence survival and reproductive performance of entire cohorts in wild vertebrate populations. Telomere dynamics potentially provide a link between the early environment and long-term fitness outcomes, yet we know little about how the

High resolution x-ray diffraction is used to study the structural properties of the wurtzite polytype of InP nanowires. Wurtzite InP nanowires are grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy using S-doping. From the evaluation of the Bragg peak position we determine the lattice parameters of the wurtzite InP nanowires. The unit cell dimensions are found to differ from the ones expected from geometr

Heteroepitaxial growth of InAs was investigated on sidewalls of InP nanowires (NWs) using metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy. InAs quantum wells (QWs) with smooth surface were formed on the InP NWs having perfect wurtzite phase structure. On the other hand, InAs quantum dots (QDs) were formed on wurtzite InP NWs purposely introduced with stacking-fault segments. Photoluminescence from single NWs at

Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is a major complication during hemodialysis treatment, and therefore it is highly desirable to identify, at an early stage during treatment, whether the patient is prone to IDH. Heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure variability (BPV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) were analyzed during the first 30 min of treatment to assess information on the autonomic nerv

Victim defence against enemies can be divided into resistance (minimizing successful enemy attacks) and tolerance (minimizing the fitness impact of enemy attacks). Although resistance has a negative effect on enemy fitness, tolerance, by this definition, does not necessarily; the relative importance of resistance and tolerance within a population might therefore affect enemy-victim coevolution. Re

Land surface models have uncertainties due to their approximation of physical processes and the heterogeneity of the land surface. These can be compounded when key variables are inadequately represented. Land surface temperature (LST) is critical as it forms an integral component in the surface energy budget, water stress evaluation, fuel moisture derivation, and soil moisture-climate feedbacks. A