I denna uppsats diskuteras EU-rättens företrädesprincip, problemet med Kompetenz-Kompetenz och hur olika medlemsstater uppfattar företrädesprin-cipen. Analysen omfattar en granskning av hur principen har tolkats och till-lämpats av nationella domstolar, samt hur dessa tolkningar skiljer sig åt mellan olika medlemsländer. Dessutom undersöks problematiken kring Kompetenz-Kompetenz, det vill säga fråThis paper discusses the principle of the primacy of EU law, the problem of Kompetenz-Kompetenz and how the principle of primacy is viewed by mem- ber states. The analysis includes an examination of how the principle has been interpreted and applied by national courts, and how these interpretations vary among different member states. Furthermore, the issue of competence-com- petence, which concern

Den svenska brottmålsprocessen är i grunden kontradiktorisk, men har inkvi-sitoriska inslag. Exempelvis är rätten, enligt 30 kap. 3 § rättegångsbalken, inte bunden av de angivna bestämmelserna i åklagarens stämningsansökan. Det är i stället rättens ansvar att, i enlighet med officialprincipen, bestämma den rättsliga innebörden av gärningsbeskrivningen. År 1995 inkorporerade Sverige EuropakonventioThe Swedish criminal procedural system is fundamentally based on the ad-versarial principle, but it also includes inquisitorial elements. For instance, according to Chapter 30, Section 3 of the Code of Judicial Procedure, the court is not bound by the specified legal provisions in the prosecutor's writ-ten indictment. Instead, it is the responsibility of the court, in accordance with the offic

Placeringen av verksamheter i olika inkomstslag innebär skattemässiga följder för såväl den enskilde idkaren som för statens skattehandläggning och statskassan. Huruvida en verksamhet ska utgöra hobby eller näring är en bedömningsfråga för Skatteverket och, inte så sällan, för domstolarna. Denna bedömning försvåras av att olika sektorer skiljer sig åt i sina verksamhetsutformningar. I denna uppsaThe allocation of activities to different categories has tax implications for both the individual entrepreneur and the state's tax administration and treasury. Whether an activity should be considered a hobby or a business is a question that comes down to judgement for the Swedish Tax Agency and, potentially, the courts. This is complicated by the fact that activities in different sectors vary

The graptolites of the Tøyen Shale Formation of Kinnekulle in Västergötland, south-central Sweden, are described for the first time and their biostratigraphic distribution is documented from drill core and outcrop material. The faunas indicate an age of mid to late Floian (Billingenian), thus showing a reduced biostratigraphic range of the Tøyen Shale as compared to other areas where this rock uni

INTRODUCTION: The pace of innovation has accelerated in virtually every area of tau research in just the past few years. METHODS: In February 2022, leading international tau experts convened to share selected highlights of this work during Tau 2022, the second international tau conference co-organized and co-sponsored by the Alzheimer's Association, CurePSP, and the Rainwater Charitable Foundation

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators of gene expression, playing essential roles in diverse cellular processes, including the development and progression of cancer. Among the numerous proteins influenced by miRNAs, the MARCKS/MARCKSL1 protein, a key regulator of cellular cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane-cytosol communication, has garnered significant attention due to its multifa

Whether sexual selection facilitates or hampers the ability to plastically respond to novel environments might depend on population structure, via its effects on sexual interactions and associated fitness payoffs. Using experimentally evolved lines of the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, we tested whether individuals evolving under different sexual selection (monogamy vs. polygamy) and popula

BACKGROUND: Observational studies have revealed that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, whether the two diseases share a genetic basis and whether the relationship is causal remain unclear. It is also unclear as to whether these relationships differ between ethnic groups.METHODS: By leveraging large-scale genome-wide association

ObjectivesThe National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a predictor for the prognosis of acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) and its prediction is time-dependent. We examined the performance of NIHSS at different timepoints in predicting functional outcome of patients with thrombolysed AIS.MethodsThis prospective study included 269 patients with AIS treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen

Complex and multiphonic voice signals of vocal improvisors are analyzed within the framework of nonlinear dynamics. Evidence is given that nonlinear phenomena are extensively used by performers associated with contemporary music. Narrow-band spectrograms of complex vocalizations are used to visualize the appearance of nonlinear phenomena (spectral bifurcation diagrams). Possible production mechani

The neighborhood of Sant-Henri in Montréal’s Southwest borough has long been associated with poverty, marginality and squalor. But this is rapidly changing as both extraordinary, large-scale green infrastructures and small-scale, more ordinary forms of greening are expanding across the neighborhood, amidst private luxury housing development and rising rents. Both extraordinary and ordinary greenin

Atomic layer etching (ALE) is a cyclic technique based on self-limiting processes, such as reactive gas adsorption and material removal by low-energy ion bombardment 1,2. In a typical ALE process Ar+ ions with energies of 20-60 eV are used to desorb the reaction products, e.g. SiClx for the Si ALE. Compared to a corresponding continuous reactive ion etching (RIE), where the ion energies often exce

Background: Parkinson’s disease is now one of the fastest-growing neurodegenerative disorders in the developed world, with an increasing prevalence and associated socioeconomic costs. Progression of the disease leads to a gradual deterioration in patients’ quality of life, despite optimal treatment, and both medical and societal needs increase, often with the assistance of paid and/or unpaid careg

Genital self-mutilation (GSM) is a rare phenomenon encountered mostly within the context of severe mental illness. The following case report highlights a rare case of self-inflicted total penile self-amputation in a patient with a psychiatric history of polydrug abuse and attention deficit disorder (ADD). The patient engaged in penile self-amputation under the influence of command hallucinations a

With an annual production of 1.4 million tonnes of fish, Morocco is currently the largest seafood producer in African and Arab countries. However, a vast majority of fish labelled as Moroccan come from the maritime zone of Western Sahara, the last non-self-governing territory in Africa that has been occupied by Morocco since 1975. Furthermore, the fish stock off the Western Saharan coast is at the

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a critical risk factor for peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, the sex differences in genetic basis, causality, and underlying mechanisms of the two diseases are still unclear. Using sex-stratified and ethnic-based GWAS summary, we explored the genetic correlation and causal relationship between T2D and PAD in both ethnicities and sexes by linkage disequilibrium scor

This paper examines the relevance of the world system as a structural condition to be considered in research on regimes and democratization. This is a pilot study in reformulating world systems analysis into the research topic of regimes, their creation and democratization. The methodology is statistical and covers most of the world for the time period 1980-1999. The study starts by formulating im