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Aim: Crohn's anal fistula (CAF) is a complex condition, with no agreement on which patient characteristics should be routinely reported in studies. The aim of this study was to develop a core descriptor set of key patient characteristics for reporting in all CAF research. Method: Candidate descriptors were generated from published literature and stakeholder suggestions. Colorectal surgeons, gastro
Introduction: Health problems in people with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) are traditionally known to be common in adults of all age, with at least twice as many health problems in this group as the general ageing population. In addition, there is considerable international evidence indicating an earlier death for people with IDD compared to the general population, exacerbated by
Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are key platform chemicals used in a multitude of industries including chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food and agriculture. The current route for VFA production is petrochemical based. VFAs can be biologically produced using organic wastes as substrate, therefore directly contributing to a sustainable economy. This process is commonly known as acidogenic fermentation (AF).
Diversification of anaerobic digestion into higher value products, namely volatile fatty acids (VFAs), is receiving interest. One of the biggest challenges with this is recovery of the VFAs. Membrane extraction can be used, and a novel process configuration using a non-porous silicone membrane and water for an extractant is proposed here. This process would enable the reduction in the number of d
The production of biobutanol is hindered by the product's toxicity to the bacteria, which limits the productivity of the process. In situ product recovery of butanol can improve the productivity by removing the source of inhibition. This paper reviews in situ product recovery techniques applied to the acetone butanol ethanol fermentation in a stirred tank reactor. Methods of in situ recovery inclu
The productivity of the Acetone Butanol Ethanol (ABE) fermentation can be significantly increased by application of various in situ product recovery (ISPR) techniques. There are numerous technically viable processes, but it is not clear which is the most economically viable in practice. There is little available information about the energy requirements and economics of ISPR for the ABE fermentati
How do Internet memes about political violence in postwar Belfast speak to or against the peacebuilding process in Northern Ireland? Our findings demonstrate three dominant ways in which memes engage with such violence: (a) poking fun at violence, (b) poking fun at rioters, and (c) normalizing violence. Memes poking fun at violence destabilize the banal nationalism underpinning the conflict in Nor
Remote automated surveillance of insect abundance and diversity is poised to revolutionize insect decline studies. The study reveals spectral analysis of thin‐film wing interference signals (WISs) can discriminate free‐flying insects beyond what can be accomplished by machine vision. Detectable by photonic sensors, WISs are robust indicators enabling species and sex identification. The first quant
The stylized volute motif is attested throughout the Levant and in areas of Phoenician settlement or cultural influence. Much of the debate of this motif has focused on the volute’s appearance in Israelite monumental architecture (the so-called Proto-Aeolic capital). This article provides a fresh discussion of the motif’s depiction within Phoenician art and iconography through various media, inclu
This timely book expertly analyses the persistence of gender inequalities in work. Despite the progress made through frameworks regulating work and employment relations, the COVID-19 pandemic exposed and exacerbated gender divides in labour markets. The authors present innovative ways to promote gender equality in a variety of industrial relations systems, welfare state models and labour market se
Grain legumes are known for their benefits to deliver ecosystem services on provisioning of protein-rich food and feed, reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the symbiotic nitrogen fixation function and diversification of cropping systems. Intercropping is an agroecological practice in which two or more crop species are grown simultaneously in the same field, thereby maximizing the use of reso
Cropping system diversification is a key factor in developing more sustainable cropping and food systems. The agroecological practice of intercropping, meaning the simultaneous cultivation of two or more species in the same field, has recently gained renewed interest as a means of ecological intensification in European agricultural research. We discuss some recent research developments regarding 1
A computational fluid dynamic model describing a straight channel, relevant for water removal inside a PEFC, is developed. A volume of fluid (VOF) approach is used to investigate the two-phase interface resolved flow behavior inside the gas channel including the gas diffusion layer (GDL) surface. The size and contact angle of the liquid inlet at the interface are calculated with the lattice Boltzm
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) directly convert chemical energy to electricity with high electrical efficiency. It involves gas transport through the porous electrode to the three-phase boundaries (TPB). The tortuosity of gas transport relates the bulk diffusion of gas in free space to the effective diffusion coefficient of gas migrating through a porous material. Therefore, determining the tortuo
This article spotlights the school subject Physical Education and Health (PEH) in Sweden and examines a teacher's use of requests to communicate with her students in order to convey the content of the subject. I focus on the variation in language use that occurs within requests and whether this variation is recipient-related depending on the recipient's language level in Swedish. The main focus in
Första gången Svenska kyrkans matbistånd kartlagts statistiskt och nationellt. Matbistånd är det vanligaste materiella biståndet till personer i ekonomisk utsatthet och hela 86% av församlingarna och pastoraten i Svenska kyrkan arbetar med det. I detta kapitel beskrivs omfattning, frekvens, mottagarens hushålls sammansättning, huvudsakliga grupptillhörighet samt om matbiståndet ansetts ha ökat.This is the first time the Church of Sweden's food aid has been mapped statistically and nationally. Food aid is the most common material aid to people in economic vulnerability and a full 86% of the parishes and pastorates in the Church of Sweden work with it. This chapter describes the extent, frequency, composition of the recipient's household, main group affiliation and whether food aid is con
There have been previous studies comparing experimental methods for the purpose of capturing gaseous yields at a range of global equivalence ratios. However, no work has investigated the capability of the open controlled atmosphere cone calorimeter for collecting such data where its two modes of operation are directly compared. The aim of this study is to compare carbon monoxide yields collected u
