1. The inhibitory cutaneous input to the withdrawal reflex pathways to single hindlimb muscles was investigated in decerebrate spinal rats (n = 53) using electromyography. 2. Withdrawal reflexes in the peronei, extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior muscles of the leg were strongly inhibited by conditioning mechanical, thermal (CO2 laser) and intracutaneous electrical stimulation of speci

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1. The postnatal development of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes was studied. In awake intact rats, forelimb, hindlimb and tail reflexes were recorded on videotape. In decerebrate spinal rats, electromyography (EMG) was used to record nociceptive withdrawal reflexes in musculi extensor digitorum longus (EDL), peronei, gastrocnemius-soleus (G-S) and biceps posterior-semitendinosus (BP-ST). Thermal (

In the present study, partial lesions of the lower thoracic spinal cord in rats anaesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide were made in order to elucidate which of the spinal funiculi mediate a nociceptive C fibre input to SI. Field potentials evoked by noxious CO2-laser stimulation were recorded in the left SI. Nociceptive C fibre input from the right hindpaw to SI was propagated by the dorsa

The phase behavior of different carboxylic acids/nonionic polymer/water systems has been studied. The carboxylic acids investigated are acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. The polymers used are a linear random copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (UCON) and ethyl(hydroxyethyl)-cellulose (EHEC). These polymers display a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water. The

The reaction kinetics of αchymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1.) catalyzed esterification of N-protected phenylalanine with ethanol were studied. The enzyme was deposited on Chromosorb and reactions were performed mainly in water-saturated mixtures of ethyl acetate and heptane, but also other media were used, such as mixtures of ethyl acetate and acetonitrile. The hydrophobicity of the substrate was varied b

Esterification of N-acetyl phenylalanine with ethanol catalyzed by immobilized αchymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) was studied in various reaction media. The effect of reaction medium polarity on enzymatic activity as well as equilibrium yield was measured. The reaction rate increased with increasing amounts of added water, reaching an optimum corresponding to water saturation of the reaction medium. Furt

A series of quinone-based compounds were tested for their ability to act as external electron acceptors in the 1-dehydrogenation of-αmethyl-hydrocortisone-21-acetate, with polyurethane-entrapped Arthrobacter simplex cells in buffer-saturated n-decan-1-ol. This organic solvent was needed to solubilize the steroid substrate. In aqueous medium, the conversion with free cells virtually stopped after o

When mixing chymotrypsin and a polymer, e.g. ethyl cellulose and drying them together, complexes are formed that are soluble in organic solvents. The enzyme maintains its activity and is even stabilized as compared to a preparation in which the enzyme is added as a dry powder to the solvent. In both cases, minute amounts of water are added afterwards. The system containing a polymer shows a marked

Enzymes adsorbed or deposited on porous support materials have been succesfully used as catalysts in organic media. However, the support must be chosen with great care. The support can affect the partitioning of substrates, products and water in the reaction mixture and thereby indirectly influence the catalytic properties of the enzyme. Furthermore, the support can influence both the enzyme kinet