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Active distances for convolutional codes

A family of active distance measures for general convolutional codes is defined. These distances are generalizations of the extended distances introduced by Thommesen and Justesen (1983) for unit memory convolutional codes. It is shown that the error correcting capability of a convolutional code is determined by the active distances. The ensemble of periodically time-varying convolutional codes is

Differential pathogenesis of primary CCR5-using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates in ex vivo human lymphoid tissue.

In the course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, CCR5-utilizing HIV type 1 (HIV-1) variants (R5), which typically transmit infection and dominate its early stages, persist in approximately half of the infected individuals (nonswitch virus patients), while in the other half (switch virus patients), viruses using CXCR4 (X4 or R5X4) emerge, leading to rapid disease progression. Here, we u

Ethnic Differences in Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes among Second-Generation Immigrants and Adoptees from Abroad.

Objective: The incidence of type 1 diabetes shows a large variation worldwide, but whether the causes are environmental or genetic has not been settled. We examine here the incidence of type 1 diabetes among second-generation immigrants and adoptees from abroad to disentangle genetic/ethnic vs. environmental influence, assuming adoptees from abroad have similar environmental exposures compared wit

The perishable past : On the advantage and disadvantage of archaeology for life

A discussion on whether and why archaeology is important, with Mårup Church (Denmark) as point of departure. The church will soon fall into the sea. Why is it crucial to save or document this church? Rhetorical catchwords, cultural mangagement, archaeology, history and social anthropology are presented and critically examined.

The kinetics of lipid micro-emboli during cardiac surgery studied in a porcine model.

Objective. To study the kinetics of lipid micro-emboli during cardiac surgery. Design. Eleven pigs were studied. Seven of these were put on extracorporeal circulation. A shed blood phantom consisted of blood, saline and radioactive triolein was added to the circuit. Both venous and arterial blood samples were taken at short intervals. Four animals were used to study renal kinetics without extracor

Carbon Nanotube Emissions from Arc Discharge Production: Classification of Particle Types with Electron Microscopy and Comparison with Direct Reading Techniques.

Introduction: An increased production and use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is occurring worldwide. In parallel, a growing concern is emerging on the adverse effects the unintentional inhalation of CNTs can have on humans. There is currently a debate regarding which exposure metrics and measurement strategies are the most relevant to investigate workplace exposures to CNTs. This study investigated wo

Chapter 3. A Review of Energy Saving Potential and Strategies for Electric Lighting in Future Low Energy Office Buildings

This chapter presents key energy use figures and explores the energy saving potential for electric lighting in office buildings based on a review of relevant literature, with special emphasis on a North European context. The review outlines that an energy intensity of around 10 kWh/m2yr is a realistic target for electric lighting in future low energy office buildings, based on theoretical calculat