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Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from re-treatment cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia: susceptibility to first-line and alternative drugs

SETTING: Addis Ababa Tuberculosis Demonstration and Training Center, Ethiopia. OBJECTIVES: To determine the pattern of drug resistance among re-treatment cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), to determine the risk factors associated with multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB, and to propose re-treatment regimens based on the patterns of susceptibility to first-line and alternative drugs. DESIGN: One hundr

Collisional properties of trapped cold chromium atoms

We report on calculations of the elastic cross section and thermalization rate for collision between two maximally spin-polarized chromium atoms in the cold and ultracold regimes, relevant to buffer-gas and magneto-optical cooling. We calculate ab initio potential-energy curves for Cr-2 and the van der Waals coefficient C-6, and construct interaction potentials between two colliding Cr atoms. We e

Surface phase diagram and temperature induced phase transitions of Sn/Cu(100)

Room temperature deposition of Sn on Cu(100) gives rise to a rich variety of surface reconstructions in the submonolayer coverage range. In this work, we report a detailed investigation on the phases appearing and their temperature stability range by using low-energy electron diffraction and surface X-ray diffraction. Previously reported reconstructions in the submonolayer range are p(2 x 2) (for

Photosynthesis of ATP - Electrons, proton pumps, rotors, and poise

Light-driven electron transport is coupled to ATP synthesis in chloroplasts. While the nature of the coupling and the structures of key components are now known, there has long been disagreement over pathways of electron transport. Recent results now put an old idea back on the agenda -cyclic electron transport around photosystem 1.

Air pollution and risk of lung cancer in a prospective study in Europe

To estimate the relationship between air pollution and lung cancer, a nested case-control study was set up within EPIC (European Prospective Investigation on Cancer and Nutrition). Cases had newly diagnosed lung cancer, accrued after a median follow-up of 7 years among the EPIC exsmokers (since at least 10 years) and never smokers. Three controls per case were matched. Matching criteria were gende

Ramet demography in a ring-forming clonal sedge

1 In a calcareous dry grassland community in central Europe genets of the clonal sedge Carex humilis form very distinct rings of densely aggregated ramets. As genet growth form is generated by ramet population dynamics, ramet demography must be studied in order to understand how rings develop. We analysed how ramet demography in C. humilis depends on ramet position within the ring and how this is

Macroporous elastic polyacrylamide monolith columns: processing under compression and scale-up

Macroporous gel (MG) monoliths are novel stationary media with a combination of unique properties such as continuous system of interconnected macropores and high elasticity. Due to the large (1-100 mu m) and highly interconnected pores, the polyacrylamide (pAAm) MG monolith columns have low backpressure and can be processed at high flow rates. The highly open macroporous structure with elastic por

Activation of cPLA2 is required for leukotriene D4-induced proliferation in colon cancer cells.

It is well documented that prolonged inflammatory conditions, particularly those relating to the colon, have been shown to induce cancer. We have previously demonstrated that the pro-inflammatory mediator leukotriene D-4 (LTD4) induces survival and proliferation in intestinal cells and that its receptor, CysLT(1), is upregulated in human colon cancer tissue. Here we demonstrate, for the first time

Comparison of the cost of preventing postoperative deep vein thrombosis with either unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin

The relative costs were analysed of (1) no prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis (DVT), (2) selective treatment of DVT after confirmation of diagnosis, (3) general prophylaxis with standard low-dose unfractionated heparin and (4) general prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in patients undergoing elective general abdominal surgery or elective hip surgery. The mean calculated cos

Wax esters produced by solvent-free energy-efficient enzymatic synthesis and their applicability as wood coatings

The study aimed at developing a process for making a wood coating wax based on the principles of green chemistry. The research was conducted within the Swedish interdisciplinary research programme Greenchem. Wax esters are attractive since they are non-hazardous, biodegradable and can be produced in an atom-efficient process from building blocks obtained from renewable resources. Four wax esters w

Intercellular adhesion molecule-4 binds alpha(4)beta(1) and alpha(V)-family integrins through novel integrin-binding mechanisms

The LW blood group glycoprotein, ICAM-4, is a member of the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) family expressed in erythroid cells. To begin to address the function of this molecule, ligands for ICAM-4 on hemopoietic and nonhemopoietic cell lines were identified. Peptide inhibition studies suggest that adhesion of cell lines to an ICAM-4-Fc construct is mediated by an LDV-inhibitable integrin

Serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) decreases in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with infliximab or etanercept.

Changes in serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) were studied during a 6-month period from initiation of treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients with either infliximab or etanercept, to elucidate whether the favourable results of tissue protection reported in clinical trials are corroborated by changing levels of circulating COMP. Rheumatoid arthritis patients commencing treatment wi

Evidence for microbunching "sidebands" in a saturated free-electron laser using coherent optical transition radiation

We report the first measurements of z -dependent coherent optical transition radiation (COTR) due to electron-beam microbunching at high gains (>10(4) ) including saturation of a self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser (FEL). In these experiments the fundamental wavelength was near 530 nm, and the COTR spectra exhibit the transition from simple spectra to complex spectra (5% spectr

IGF-I/insulin hybrid receptors in human endothelial cells

Vascular complications are common in diabetes. IGF-I receptors (IGF-IR) and insulin receptors (IR) in endothelial cells might respond to altered levels of IGF-I and insulin, resulting in altered endothelial function in diabetes. We therefore studied IGF-IR and IR gene expression, ligand binding, receptor protein, and phosphorylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). IGF-IR mRNA wa

Closed-loop performance monitoring using loop tuning

In this article it is shown how the tuning of a loop is used to commission a closed-loop performance monitoring method. The extended prediction horizon index is used to monitor disturbance rejection properties expressed with the impulse response. The impulse response is obtained from the tuning of the loop. All parameters of the monitoring method are set by using the impulse response. The presente

Experimental investigation of the Rb-85(2) a (3)Sigma(+)(u) triplet ground state: Multiparameter Morse long range potential analysis

Using perturbation facilitated infrared-infrared double resonance excitation of the Rb-85(2) molecule, we have observed spectrally resolved fluorescence to the a (3)Sigma(+)(u) state. We have analyzed the rovibrational energy level structure of the Rb-85(2) a (3)Sigma(+)(u) state and derived a multiparameter Morse Long Range (MLR) potential and molecular constants for this state, which can be used