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Yesterday’s sole hardware product is becoming more and more rare. Today, the original products are increasingly surrounded by value adding services, software or control systems, all bundled together to a “total offer”. Christopher (1998) states that it is the totality of the offer which delivers customer value, and that adding value through differentiation and/or service is a powerful means of ach

Combined linear-Viterbi equalizer (CLVE) is a term often used for a class of digital receivers reducing the complexity of the Viterbi detector by assuming an approximate channel model together with linear pre-equalization of the received data. The authors reconsider a weighted least squares design technique for CLVEs by introducing a minimax criterion for suppressing the strongest component of the

This book provides the reader with a broad policy analysis of a main set of tools aimed at realising an increasingly appreciated aspect of late modern democracy: green political consumerism. The authors illustrate and explain how green labels and other eco-standards are created and negotiated within a broad continuum between science and politics, by addressing political, regulatory, discursive, an

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By using three-photon excitation at 291.7 nm of the n $=$ 4 hydrogen level and observing Balmer-$\beta$ radiation at 486.1 nm, hydrogen atoms in an atmospheric C2H2/O2 flame have been detected. Other schemes for hydrogen detection were also tried, and the results are discussed.

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Popular Abstract in Swedish Av de omkring 45 000 svenskar som årligen drabbas av cancer kommer ungefär hälften att botas, ofta med strålning som en del av behandlingen. Syftet med strålterapi är att oskadliggöra tumören, men utan att skada omgivande vävnad. Idealt vill man att stråldosen ska vara mycket hög i tumören, samtidigt som den är obefintlig i vävnaden runt omkring. Strålskador på frisk väIn many radiotherapy applications, true three-dimensional dosimetry with good spatial resolution that can be achieved in a single measurement would be of great value. Polymer gel dosimetry fulfils many of the demands on such a system. In this study, methods to facilitate the implementation of gel dosimetry have been investigated. A new type of polymer gel, for which the response to absorbed dose i

The interaction of light with multiple red blood cells was systematically investigated by the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD). The simulations showed that the lateral multiple scattering between red blood cells is very weak and that the polarization has an almost insignificant influence on the distribution of the scattered light. The numerical results of the FDTD method were compared w

The non-associated plasticity model is utilized to simulate a three dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis on sand. The model is a three-dimensional generalization of the Cam-Clay model with yield- and flow potential functions expressed in a common format, but with different shapes and hardening rule depending on both the shear and volumetric stains, which enables modelling of dilation. The

The production of ethyl esters (EE) from ethanol and cod-liver oil by an immobilised lipase in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) is described. This reaction results in a complex mixture of lipid components consisting of triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides and ethyl esters. The primary goal has been to carry out enzymatic reaction and product separation simultaneously, by selectively ext

In this paper we address the problem of routing optimization in IP networks. We assume that traffic is routed along the shortest paths computed with respect to administrative link metrics. Metrics are distributed in a network by open shortest path first (OSPF) or a similar routing protocol. If it happens that the shortest path is not unique then equal-cost multi-path (ECMP) load balancing principl

Popular Abstract in Swedish För att förstå på vilket sätt viktiga pollinerande insekter påverkas av det omgivande landskapets struktur och innehåll, har jag studerat populationer av humlor (fam. Bombus). Jag har också gjort en analys av sambandet mellan jordbruksintensitet of landskapets komplexitet. Mina studier har utförst i Skåne och jag har valt studieområden bl.a. baserat på hur stora åkrar oTo investigate recent declines in bumblebee populations, I carried out landscape analyses, made field studies of bumblebees, flowering plants and pollination in an agricultural region in southernmost Sweden. Studies were carried out in landscapes of contrasting agricultural intensity and land-cover configuration; "simple" landscapes highly dominated by large crop fields, and "complex" with mixed f