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Integrating Patterning Signals: Wnt/GSK3 Regulates the Duration of the BMP/Smad1 Signal.

BMP receptors determine the intensity of BMP signals via Smad1 C-terminal phosphorylations. Here we show that a finely controlled cell biological pathway terminates this activity. The duration of the activated pSmad1Cter signal was regulated by sequential Smad1 linker region phosphorylations at conserved MAPK and GSK3 sites required for its polyubiquitinylation and transport to the centrosome. Pro

Wave splitting and imbedding equations for a spherically symmetric dispersive medium

The direct problem of time dependent electromagnetic scattering in the dispersive sphere is solved by a wave splitting technique. The electric field is expanded in a series involving vector spherical harmonics, leading to a system of wave equations for each term. These systems are reduced to scalar wave equations for each term, which are solved via reflection operators. Some preliminary numerical

Hematopoietic stem cells: c-mpl and TNF receptor function

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are crucial to life. Daily and throughout the life span of an individual they are responsible for replacing approximately 10(12) mature blood cells. Mature cells are, for example, required for transportation of oxygen, defense against infections and to stop bleeding. Thus, our aim with this study was to characterize these rare murine (Lin-Sca1+c-kit+) and human (CD34