Differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) and differential absorption lidar (DIAL) have been used for measurement of atmospheric trace gases. A fully automated system for atmospheric pollution monitoring of a medium-sized city has been constructed, based on the DOAS technique. Detection of ammonia and aromatic hydrocarbons in the ultraviolet spectral region has been investigated and demo

One of the most critical issues in wireless sensor networks is energy efficiency because of the limited energy network nodes can store in batteries. Therefore, these networks require robust wireless communication protocols that are designed to be energy-efficient. In this paper, we introduce a routing protocol based on an energy-temperature transformation principle, called RETT. Our objectives are

An important strategy for climate mitigation is reduction of energy use in buildings. One approach is to build or renovate buildings applying passive house design or a zero-energy building approach. The first step towards passive house design is reduction of heat losses, and therefore improving the thermal resistance of the building envelope. This is reached by adding more insulation and/or insula

Socialization is an undertheorized concept representing a challenge to constructivist approaches to European integration. Although references to the capacity of international institutions to shape actor preferences are common, the processes through which actors are thought to be socialized are not yet specified within the field. Once resolved, this challenge will turn out to strengthen the constru

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Popular Abstract in Swedish En enkel beskriving av atomen kan utgå från Bohrs atommodell (som emellertid ej är användbar för en exaktare beskrivning): runt kärnan, som består av positivt laddade protoner och neutrala neutroner, kretsar elektroner. Vilket grundämne det är bestäms av antalet protoner i kärnan. Antalet elektroner för en atom är detsamma som antalet protoner i kärnan. Tillförs atomen Atomic data are needed in many different areas of science and technology. Examples of users are the astronomical community and the lighting industry. In this work, the purpose of the projects has been to produce reliable atomic data needed to solve specific astrophysical problems. Oscillator strengths, which are needed when analysing stellar absorption spectra as well as spectra of emission line o

The field of cadastre holds an inherent complexity much based on its interdisciplinary characteristics and the national uniqueness of each cadastral system. In addition, some cadastral terminology is vague or ambiguous, why omission of the explicit sense and context of a particular term may bring obscurity to international comparisons and analyses. The concept legal coordinated cadastre, occasiona

According to medieval canon law, a marriage could be declared invalid if the consent had been given through force or fear. This ruling was a natural consequence of the insistence on free consent as the only requirement for a valid marriage. It did, however, entail a number of both practical and theoretical problems. It could be difficult to prove force and fear within the family, but also to defin