This paper investigates the causal effect of monetary policy on economic activity in the United Kingdom between 1890 and 1913. Based on the Romer and Romer (2004) narrative identification approach, I find that following a one percentage point monetary tightening, unemployment rose by 0.8 percentage points, while inflation fell by 2.7 percentage points. In addition, monetary policy shocks accounted

In boreal bogs plant species are low in number, but they differ greatly in their growth forms and photosynthetic properties. We assessed how ecosystem carbon (C) sink dynamics were affected by seasonal variations in the photosynthetic rate and leaf area of different species. Photosynthetic properties (light response parameters), leaf area development and areal cover (abundance) of the species were

BACKGROUND: Cachexia is a wasting condition that manifests in several types of cancer, and the main characteristic is the profound loss of muscle mass.METHODS: The Yoshida AH-130 tumor model has been used and the samples have been analyzed using transmission electronic microscopy, real-time PCR and Western blot techniques.RESULTS: Using in vivo cancer cachectic model in rats, here we show that ske

We present a generalized theory and experimental results of the action signals induced by the absorption of two photons from two phase-modulated laser beams. In our experiment, the phases of the laser beams are modulated at the frequencies φ1 and φ2, respectively. Their collinear combination leads to the modulation of the total intensity at the frequency φ=φ2-φ1. The action signals, such as photol

Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to study microscopic the interfacial ionic structures, molecular arrangements, and orientational preferences of trihexyltetradecylphosphonium-bis(mandelato)borate ([P6,6,6,14][BMB]) ionic liquid confined between neutral and charged gold electrodes. It was found that both [P6,6,6,14] cations and [BMB] anions are coabsorbed onto neutral el

We extend a thermodynamically consistent finite strain micro-sphere framework elaborated by Carol et al. towards the modelling of phase-transformations to allow for the simulation of polycrystalline solids such as, e.g., shape memory alloys and shape memory polymers undergoing large deformations. The considered phase-transformation mechanism is based on statistical physics and allows the considera

Previous studies have demonstrated an effect of corticotropin-releasing factor 2 receptor (CRF2R) agonists in the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a CRF2R agonist in preserving skeletal muscle in a mouse cachexia model. Implantation of a fast-growing tumor to mice (Lewis lung carcinoma) resulted in a clear cachectic state characterized by a

The inflammatory milieu plays an important role in colon cancer development and progression. Previously, we have shown that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), an important component of the tumor microenvironment, are enriched in tumors compared with normal tissue and confer a poorer prognosis. In the present study, we found that matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), which degrades extracellular mat

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), which make up 8% of the human genome, have been proposed to participate in the control of gene regulatory networks. In this study, we find a region- and developmental stage-specific expression pattern of ERVs in the developing human brain, which is linked to a transcriptional network based on ERVs. We demonstrate that almost 10,000, primarily primate-specific, ERVs

Global vegetation models and terrestrial carbon cycle models are widely used for projecting the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems. Ensembles of such models show a large spread in carbon balance predictions, ranging from a large uptake to a release of carbon by the terrestrial biosphere, constituting a large uncertainty in the associated feedback to atmospheric CO 2 concentrations under glob

Experiments employing extreme ultraviolet sources based on high harmonic generation often suffer from photon flux limitations. We discuss current status and prospects for scaling such sources to higher repetition rate, pulse energy and average power.

Brand-management philosophy has recently expanded to include public and spatial contexts producing a cacophony of logos, slogans and events all aimed at promoting and marketing places. Yet, there is still a lack of understanding about how the brand-management philosophy changes when moving into and across places and in which way places change when affected by this way of thinking. Through a multi-